CONSTRUCTION OF A MODEL SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
ABSTRACT
The precise content of this project was to construct a model shell and tube heat exchanger. The material for construction of this project (equipment) and their dimensions are as follows:
- 500mm length of a tube bundle
- 20mm diameter of the tube bundle
- 650mm length of the shell
- 120mm diameter of the shell
- 70mm length of the inlet and outlet
- 5mm diameter of the inlet and outlet
- 160mm diameter of the flanges
- 8mm diameter of the holes on the flanges.
The construction of this equipment involves a series of processes which includes:
- Marking out which was done using metre rule, pair of compasses, scribers and punch.
- Cutting of the marked materials to shape
- Folding to shape where necessary
- Rolling and boring holes as appropriate
- Welding together by electric welding
- Filling for good finish
- Assembling together of the individual component.
The carefulness with which the marking out, welding and final assemble of the work was done made it possible for us to obtain an equipment suitable for use as a model shell and tube heat exchanger. It is established that a horizontal heat exchanger with cold water at the shell side and the treated steam at the tube side is adequate for this operation, with the aim of cooling the steam from the distillation column.
The introduction of vapour (or any hot fluid) and removal of condensate (or a cooler fluid) is near perfection (100%) while the equipment being a heat exchanger is used to recover vapourised liquid in its former form (liquid) or removed heat from a very hot processed fluid. Significantly, this equipment is of great need when vapourised liquid must be recovered back as liquid at specified conditions.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
A heat exchanger is a thermal device that enables the exchange of heat between a solid and a fluid or between two or more different fluids. Heat exchangers are used in car radiators, air conditioners, refrigerators, chemical industries for processes involving distillation, fractionation, etc. Heat exchangers are also used in pulp and paper, power generation, pharmaceuticals and food and beverages processing industries. A shell and tube heat exchanger is one of the most popular types of exchangers due to its flexibility. In this type, there are two fluids with different temperatures, one of them flow through tubes and another flow-through shell. Heat is transferred from one fluid to another through the tube walls, either from the tube side to the shell side or vice versa. This system handles fluids at different pressures; higher pressure fluid is typically directed through tubes, and lower pressure fluid is circulated through a shell side.
As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Limitations of the Study and Definition of technical terms.
1.2 Background of Study
Heat exchanger is a device in which heat is transferred from one fluid stream to another normally by the combined process of conduction and convention. Heat exchangers are the most important item in many thermal systems (Abalu 2006). Heat exchangers are widely used in manufacturing and process industries for several applications. The choice of heat exchanger for a given application is dependent on several factors. In a highly competitive environment, it is essential that the heat exchanger must deliver the required heat transfer, occupy less space, weigh less, and yet be priced competitively.
A shell and tube heat exchanger is made up of a tube bundle mounted in a shell. The tube bundle contains fluid that could be either heated or cooled, while the fluid flowing over the tube bundles contains fluid that could either be cooled or heated. Usually, two fluids of different starting temperature flow through the heat exchanger; these fluids could either be liquid or gas. Heat is transferred from one fluid to the other through the tube walls. Besides the shell and tube bundle, other parts that make up the heat exchanger include: tube sheet, baffles, tie rods and spacers, and headers.
Since our major concern is construction of model shell and tube heat exchanger, which is a type of recuperates or closed-type heat exchanger, model shell and tube heat exchangers constitute the bulk of unfired heat transfer equipment used in chemical process plants. They are found in different forms as fixed - tube-sheet heat exchanger, u-tube heat exchanger, floating heat exchanger, and internal floating heat exchanger. They can be inform of; double-pipe heat exchangers. Plate-type heat exchangers, air-cooled heat exchangers and graphite block heat exchangers (Harriot 1985).
Therefore, in Nigeria where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to design and construct a Model Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger.
1.3 Statement of Problems
There are some problems associated with the study of heat exchanger:
- Time: Due to lectures and other school activities like practical's and assignments we do not normally have enough time to visit the library and cyber cafe for the study of modern shell and tube heat exchanger.
- Browsing Problem: When browsing, sometimes there is network problem in the sense that the result will not come out easily, sometimes it will not be easy to fish-out the main thought in the outcome.
- Cost: There is high cost of construction of a modern shell and tube heat exchanger and browsing for the study.
1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
The aim of the study is to Design and Construct of a Model Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:
- To predict the amount of energy required to change a system from one equilibrium state to another
- To know the rate at which the exchange of heat take place.
- To examine some of the techniques through which heat is transferred from one fluid stream to another.
- To make appropriate thermal control in the chemical industries since the most important aim in the chemical engineering sector of any plant is to control the flow of thermal energy between two thermal.
1.5 Significance of Study
The future developments in the aerospace industries will hinge mainly upon the case with which structures and engines can be cooled; modern electrical and electronic plants require efficient dissipation of losses converted to thermal energy; the design of chemical engineering plant is usually governed by heat transfer and the analogues mass transfer processes and even civil engineers must take account of thermal effects in buildings and structures.
This study will be of immense benefit to academic students and other researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.
1.6 Scope of Study
The scope of the research is focused on the Design and Construction of a Model Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger.
1.7 Limitations of the Study
During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:
- Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
- Research material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
- Frequent power failure: This made the researcher append more money on fuel to ensure sustainable power.
- Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection.
1.8 Methods of Research
Since the major concern is the construction of model shell and tube heat exchanger, the research method used was mainly constructional method of model shell and tube heat exchanger.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
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TABLE OF CONTENTSPRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Background of Study
- 1.3 Statement of Problems
- 1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
- 1.5 Significance of Study
- 1.6 Scope of Study
- 1.7 Limitations of the Study
- 1.8 Methods of Research
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Conceptual Review of Heat Exchangers
- 2.3 Design Procedure of Shell and Tube Exchanger
- 2.4 Construction Details of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
- 2.4.1 Channels (Heads)
- 2.4.2 Tubes
- 2.4.3 Tube Sheet
- 2.4.4 Tube Pitch
- 2.4.5 Baffles
- 2.4.6 Tie Rods and Spacers
- 2.5 Design Standards of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
- 2.6 Theoretical Framework
MATERIALS AND METHODS
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 …
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 …
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Summary of Findings
- 5.3 Conclusion
- 5.4 Recommendation
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A - "LIST OF FIGURES"
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Construction of a Model Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
PRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Background of Study
- 1.3 Statement of Problems
- 1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
- 1.5 Significance of Study
- 1.6 Scope of Study
- 1.7 Limitations of the Study
- 1.8 Methods of Research
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Conceptual Review of Heat Exchangers
- 2.3 Design Procedure of Shell and Tube Exchanger
- 2.4 Construction Details of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
- 2.4.1 Channels (Heads)
- 2.4.2 Tubes
- 2.4.3 Tube Sheet
- 2.4.4 Tube Pitch
- 2.4.5 Baffles
- 2.4.6 Tie Rods and Spacers
- 2.5 Design Standards of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
- 2.6 Theoretical Framework
MATERIALS AND METHODS
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 …
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 …
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Summary of Findings
- 5.3 Conclusion
- 5.4 Recommendation
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A - "LIST OF FIGURES"
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Construction of a Model Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
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