CONSTRUCTION OF FREQUENCY MODULATOR TRANSMITTER
ABSTRACT
A frequency modulated (Fm) transmitted is an electronic device that modulates, amplifies, Filters and possibly encodes Incoming information signal and broadcasts it over the channel for transmission. The aim of the study is to Design and Construct of Frequency Modulator (FM) Transmitter. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to review some modern digital technologies that has been developed for effective FM signal generation, show the design and components of a FM transmitter and show the construction process of an electronically operated system known as FM transmitter capable of transmitting a frequency modulated signal. In a transmitter, the information modulates the carrier i.e. is super imposed on a high frequency sine wave. Frequency modulation has several advantages over the amplitude modulation (AM) system used in the alternate form of radio broadcasting. The most important of these advantages is that an FM system has greater freedom from interference and static. FM broadcasting stations can be operated in the very high frequency (VHF) bands at which AM interference is frequently severe. Commercial FM radio stations are assigned frequency between 88 and 108MHZ and will be the intended range of transmission. The project signifies a lot in the electronic communication system which telecommunication is the vital aspect which is usually demonstrated through radio communication system the frequency modulation transmitter is applied in a lot of instance frequency modulation is used in FM radio stations scattered all over the country whose advantage is paramount compared to its counterpart AM modulation frequency modulation transmitted is equally used in a miniaturized from as wireless morpheme.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
A frequency modulated (fm) transmitter is an electronic circuit designed to modulate, amplify, filter and possibly encode incoming information signal to make it suitable for transmission over a channel. A message arriving from the information source must be in electrical nature before it will be suitable for immediate transmission. Even then, a lot of work must be done to make such message suitable.
The crowding in the AM broadcasting band and the inability of standard AM receivers to eliminate noise has made the total fidelity of standard stations purposely limited. Fm does not have these drawbacks and therefore can be used to transmit music, reproducing the original performance with a degree of fidelity that cannot be reached on AM bands. Fm stereophonic broadcasting has drawn increasing numbers of listeners to popular as well as classical music, so that commercial fm stations draw higher audience rating than AM stations.
As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Limitations of the Study and Definition of technical terms.
1.2 Background of Study
The world has developed to an era of information when electronics communication systems influence most of human activities. These electronics communication systems consists of three major aspects; the receiver, the channel and the source, which is the transmitter. A transmitter is an electronics device, which, with the aid of an antenna, propagates an electromagnetic signal such as radio, television or other telecommunications. In the previous years, signal energy was generated in transmitting plants using arcs or mechanical alternators. Presently, a transmitter usually has a power supply, an oscillator, a modulator and amplifiers for audio frequency (AF), intermediate frequency (IF) and radio frequency (RF). Transmitters are sometimes classified according to the signal information they process and radiate. Television transmitter’s processes sounds and picture signal while radio transmitter processes only sound.
In electronics and telecommunications a transmitter or radio transmitter is an electronic device which, with the aid of an antenna, produces radio waves. The transmitter itself generates a radio frequency alternating current, which is applied to the antenna. When excited by this alternating current, the antenna radiates radio waves. In addition to their use in broadcasting, transmitters are necessary component parts of many electronic devices that communicate by radio, such as cell phones, wireless computer Networks, Bluetooth enabled devices, garage door openers, two-way radios in aircraft, ships, and spacecraft, radar sets, and navigational beacons. The term transmitter is usually limited to equipment that generates radio waves for communication purposes; or radiolocation, such as radar and navigational transmitters. Generators of radio waves for heating or industrial purposes, such as microwave ovens or diathermy equipment, are not usually called transmitters even though they often have similar circuits.
The term is popularly used more specifically to refer to a broadcast transmitter, a transmitter used in broadcasting, as in FM radio transmitter. This usage usually includes the transmitter proper, the antenna, and often the building it is housed in. A transmitter can be a separate piece of electronic equipment, or an electrical circuit within another electronic device. A transmitter and receiver combined in one unit is called a transceiver. The term transmitter is often abbreviated "XMTR" or "TX" in technical documents. The purpose of most transmitters is radio communication of information over a distance. The information is provided to the transmitter in the form of an electronic signal, such as an audio (sound) signal from a microphone. The transmitter combines the information signal to be carried with the radio frequency signal which generates the radio waves, which is often called the carrier. This process is called modulation. The information can be added to the carrier in several different ways, in different types of transmitter. In a frequency modulation (FM) transmitter, it is added by varying the radio signal's frequency slightly. Many other types of modulation are used.
The antenna may be enclosed inside the case or attached to the outside of the transmitter, as in portable devices such as cell phones, walkie-talkies, and garage door openers. In more powerful transmitters, the antenna may be located on top of a building or on a separate tower, and connected to the transmitter by a feed line, that is a transmission line.
Therefore, in Nigeria where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to design and construct an FM Transmitter.
1.3 Statement of Problems
Investigation reveals that FM transmitters are however a complex equipment demanding high power supply, high voltage system design, critical maintenance and exorbitant price. These problems of the transmitter constitute major impediments to institutions and individuals that may wish to adopt radio broadcast as means of electronic media.
Farlex (2005) stated that transmitters of large powers require large current flow with high voltage up to 20kiv and transmitting plants are exposed to increased over voltage risk due to the usually exposed tower.
These problems of the transmitter constitute major impediments to individual and institution that may wish to adopt radio broadcast as means of electronic media. The private individual and organizations lack resources to purchase and maintain complex transmitting plant whose price is exorbitant and requires critical maintenance.
1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
The aim of the study is to Design and Construct of Frequency Modulator (FM) Transmitter. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:
- To review some modern digital technologies that has been developed for effective FM signal generation.
- To show the design and components of a FM transmitter
- To show the construction process of an electronically operated system known as FM transmitter capable of transmitting a frequency modulated signal.
1.5 Significance of Study
The project signifies a lot in the electronic communication system which telecommunication is the vital aspect which is usually demonstrated through radio communication system the frequency modulation transmitter is applied in a lot of instance frequency modulation is used in FM radio stations scattered all over the country whose advantage is paramount compared to its counterpart AM modulation frequency modulation transmitted is equally used in a miniaturized from as wireless morpheme.
This study will be of immense benefit to researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.
1.6 Scope of Study
The study focuses on the Design and Construction of Frequency Modulator (FM) Transmitter.
1.7 Limitations of the Study
During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:
- Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
- Research material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
- Frequent power failure: This made the researcher append more money on fuel to ensure sustainable power.
- Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet).
1.8 Technical Terms Definition
FM – Frequency Modulation
VHF – Very High Frequency (30MHz to 300MHz)
UHF – Ultra High Frequency (300MHz to 3GHz)
VFO – Variable Frequency Oscillator
VCO – Voltage Controlled Oscillator
PLL – Phase Locked Loop
Oscillator – device that generates a frequency
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
Procedure for Downloading the PDF (Docx) Material
Construction of Frequency Modulator Transmitter can be downloaded by requesting the full set of materials at the project or seminar cost. The document will be sent via Microsoft Word (MS-Word) format via WhatsApp (e-mail) following payment confirmation.
| Seminar Material Cost ₦3,000 | Project Material Cost ₦5,000 |
Request Complete Material
 | Click here to request the Complete Material via WhatsApp including;
|
TABLE OF CONTENTSPRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Background of Study
- 1.3 Statement of Problems
- 1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
- 1.5 Significance of Study
- 1.6 Scope of Study
- 1.7 Limitations of the study
- 1.8 Technical Terms Definition
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Conceptual Review of F.M. Transmitter
- 2.3 Theoretical Review of Existing F.M. Transmitters
- 2.4 Overview of F.M. Transmitter
- 2.4.1 F.M. Transmitter
- 2.5 Application of the Project
MATERIALS AND METHODS
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Electronic Components and their Characteristic
- 3.2.1 Microphone
- 3.2.2 Resistors
- 3.2.3 Capacitors
- 3.2.4 Inductor
- 3.2.5 Transistor
- 3.2.6 Low Voltage Audio Power Amplifier
- 3.3 Materials Used
- 3.4 Design Procedure
- 3.5 Design Calculation
- 3.6 Casing (Cabinet) Construction
OPERATION, ANALYSIS OF FINISHED CONSTRUCTION AND PERFORMANCE
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Overview of Block diagram
- 4.3 Overall Efficiency of the Transmitter
- 4.3 Testing
- 4.4 F.M Performance
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Summary
- 5.3 Conclusion
- 5.4 Recommendation
REFERENCES
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Construction of Frequency Modulator Transmitter" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
PRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Background of Study
- 1.3 Statement of Problems
- 1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
- 1.5 Significance of Study
- 1.6 Scope of Study
- 1.7 Limitations of the study
- 1.8 Technical Terms Definition
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Conceptual Review of F.M. Transmitter
- 2.3 Theoretical Review of Existing F.M. Transmitters
- 2.4 Overview of F.M. Transmitter
- 2.4.1 F.M. Transmitter
- 2.5 Application of the Project
MATERIALS AND METHODS
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Electronic Components and their Characteristic
- 3.2.1 Microphone
- 3.2.2 Resistors
- 3.2.3 Capacitors
- 3.2.4 Inductor
- 3.2.5 Transistor
- 3.2.6 Low Voltage Audio Power Amplifier
- 3.3 Materials Used
- 3.4 Design Procedure
- 3.5 Design Calculation
- 3.6 Casing (Cabinet) Construction
OPERATION, ANALYSIS OF FINISHED CONSTRUCTION AND PERFORMANCE
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Overview of Block diagram
- 4.3 Overall Efficiency of the Transmitter
- 4.3 Testing
- 4.4 F.M Performance
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Summary
- 5.3 Conclusion
- 5.4 Recommendation
REFERENCES
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Construction of Frequency Modulator Transmitter" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Can this topic “The Effects of Integrated Group Based Mastery Learning Model on Social Studies Students’ Achievement” be used for Social Studies Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — Integrated group based mastery learning strategy is an instructional method that uses active learning strategies to engage students directly in the learning process, enhance academic performance and promote the development of important learning skills such as critical thinking, problem solving, and ability to cooperatively work with each students. The study was carried out to investigate the Effects of Integrated Group Based Mastery Learning Model on Social Studies Students' Achievement. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to examine the awareness of integrated group based learning models in schools and examine the use of integrated group based learning models on the enhancement of students’ achievement in social studies. Six research questions and three corresponding hypotheses were raised …
Can the material for “Design and Implementation of an Online Processing System for Current Account Transactions” be used as a guide for Computer Science (CS) Project?
Yes it can be used — UBN PLC, is a bank which deals with customers account both current, savings, deposit loan etc. The above-mentioned processes and activities are not only time consuming but also stressful when done manually. The complexity and strain processes involved. The work will give birth to a computerized real time current account transaction processing system. This will facilitate storage of customers’ information as well as withdrawal of money from other branches without problems or delay. It will also provide a secured customer account filling system. It will generally facilitate transaction processing in the bank. Organisation Of The Work Chapter One: This chapter highlights aims and objectives of the study, the nature, its limitation and delimitation, etc. Chapter Two: This deals with the available literature as it is related to …
Is the topic “Climate Change Awareness and Attitude of Secondary School Students” recommended for Education Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — This research was a descriptive survey aimed at determining the climate change awareness and attitude of senior secondary school students in Umuahia education zone of Abia State. To guide the study, six research questions and four hypotheses were formulated and answered. Purposive sampling technique was used to sample sixteen (16) schools out of the thirty-four (34) secondary schools and six hundred and forty students out of two thousand and twelve students in the zone. Two instruments titled “Climate Change Attitude Scale (CCAS) and Awareness Scale for Climate Change (ASCC)” were used for data collection. The data collected were analyzed using mean score and standard deviation to answer the research questions while Analyses of Variance (ANOVA) was used to test the …
Can the material for “Design and Implementation of a Web Based Patients Database Management System” be used as a guide for Computer Science (CS) Project?
Yes it can be used — Patient Management is an information system that is used to record relevant information relating to the patients. The prescribe drugs, bought drugs, sold drugs and available drugs are processed by the program. The aim of this study is to design and implement a Web Based Patients Database Management System. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows to develop an application software that will capture and store patients drug data for a teaching hospital, generate bills of each patient drug administered and execute a proper recording of patients’ drugs and diagnosis result and keep track of list of patients’ beds occupied and vacant. The motivation that led to the implementation of the proposed system is that …
Can the material for “Design and Implementation of an Electronic System for Automated Banking” be used as a guide for Computer Science (CS) Project?
Yes it can be used — All commercial application developed (irrespective of the programming environment used) are to business models. Applications help to computerize business models. It is the computerization process that empowers a business model to capture, validate, store and manipulate business data at the highest speed possible. A microfinance Banking business model has business processes that manipulate data associated with savings accounts, current account, deposits and withdrawals for each type of account, fixed deposits, and loans and so on. There business processes are in some way associated with money transaction since money is the core product of this business model. The project which looks into the development of Banking Model was deigned to process the customer registration, generate new account number give report in …
Can the material for “Quality Assurance as a Prerequisite for Proximal Learning in Some Selected Public Primary Schools” be used as a guide for Education Project?
Yes it can be used — The need for Assured Quality at the pre-schools and primary schools, as a pre- requisite for proximal learning among children cannot be overemphasized. Indeed any meaningful discussion of excellence and qualitative education must take account of the central place of child’s growth and development in the educational system. Although, the National Policy on Education (1998; 2004) specifies the guidelines for operating Pre-Primary Education in Nigeria, it did not specify the care and support requirements for children aged 0 to 3 years. This is a major gap that has left the operation of Early Childhood Care and Pre- Primary Education more in the hands of private operators without adequate guidelines or standards. It is sad to note that in spite of the …
Is the topic “Design and Implementation of a Computer Based System for Commodity Information Exchange” recommended for Computer Science (CS) Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — A computerized system for commodity information exchange is a system designed to give essential information on commodities produced in the state. The aim of the study is to design and implement a Computer Based System for Commodity Information Exchange. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows to develop an application software that will allocate price for every commodity per unit measurement of the commodity, and allow updating of the database files of all the database in the system. The motivation that led to the implementation of the proposed system is that there is difficulty on how to locate commodities where they are produced and the record in the state. This includes grading of commodities …
Can the material for “Implication of Information Technology on the Practice of Accounting in Nigeria” be used as a guide for Accounting Technology Project?
Yes it can be used — This proposed project work is to give in detail the usefulness of information as one of major requirement of management function which is also an essential ingredient that enhances efficiency and reduction in the work load if when handles ordinarily will cause much delay, has made possible for better control system put in place both within and outside any organization/business enterprise. This information technology has came into existence through the use of an electronic device known as the computer which helps an organisation handles data and distributes information effectively. In this regard, we may conclude that computer has became a worthy companion almost in all facets of human endeavours. The work of this research project shall be splitted and discussed …
Can the material for “Religious Conflicts in Nigeria: Challenges and Solutions” be used as a guide for Religious Studies Project?
Yes it can be used — The study scrutinizes the Challenges and Solutions of Religious Conflicts in Nigeria. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows to: examine the role of church in reducing religious conflicts in the society, examine the dictates of the church as regards sustainable peace and harmony, identify the factors disrupting sustainable peace and harmony of the society and proffer solutions to the issues of religious conflicts in Nigeria. The research design used in this report is descriptive design, utilizing questionnaire method to obtain information from the respondents for this project. A total of 80 (eighty) respondents were selected for this study to represent the entire population of the study. For null hypotheses were formulated and tested …
Can the material for “The Roles of Performance Appraisal on the Determination of Employees Productivity” be used as a guide for Office Technology and Management (OTM) Project?
Yes it can be used — Performance appraisal is a systematic evaluation of the performance of an employee on his present job and also in relation to future jobs that he may be required to take up. The study is to scrutinize the Roles of Performance Appraisal on the Determination of Employees Productivity using First Bank Nigeria Ltd as a case study. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to determine the role of performance appraisal on Employees Productivity and examine the factors which affect employee productivity in First Bank Nigeria Ltd. The research design used in this report is descriptive design, utilizing questionnaire method to obtain information from the respondents for this project. A total of 200 (two hundred) respondents were …