COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF BOREHOLE WATER AND SACHET WATER

ABSTRACT

The study was carried out to comparatively analyze the physicochemicals of borehole water and sachet water using Ikole North local government area as a case study. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to determine the alkalinity levels in commercially available sachet and borehole water and determine the concentration of alkalinity in borehole and sachet water. Studies have shown that alkaline water helps neutralize acids in the body and allows for the free passage of substrate. The alkalinity of selected sachet and borehole water in Remo land were determined and the water samples were subsequently alkalised with the use of energy cup. The untreated SW4 sachet water has the highest pH meter value of (7.2) and a pH colour chat value of (8.0) while the treated SW3 had a pH meter value of (9.9) and a pH colour chart value of (9.5) respectively. The untreated borehole water samples of BW2 has the highest pH meter value of (6.0) and pH colour chat value of (6.0) while the treated BW1 and BW2 has the highest pH value of (9.2) each and pH colour chat value of (8.0) respectively. The experiment however highlighted the high acidic content of SW2 for sachet water, with pH of (5.2) and BW2 for borehole water, with pH of (4.8), asserting the high acidic contents. Drinking such water could pose dangerous health risks to consumers of the water. There is a need for the intervention of appropriate regulatory agencies to ensure production of high quality sachet waters which have the WHO standard pH of 6.5 to 8.5, although the normal pH of pure water should be 7. This study will be of immense benefit to academic students and other researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work.

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction

Water is a universal solvent, which consist of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Chemically, it could be defined as a chemical substance with two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen in each of its molecules; hence the molecular formula is H2O. Production and sale of sachet water, popularly called “pure water” in Nigeria, is presently a lucrative business, therefore many people are involved in the production and marketing of the product. Water is one of the most important as well as one of the most abundant compounds on earth, and is vital to the survival of any organism (Tortora et al., 2002). Water in nature is seldom totally pure. Rainfall is contaminated as it falls to earth (Ajewole, 2005). The combustion of fossil fuel put sulphur compounds as being responsible for pollution of rain water by precipitation (Edema et al., 2001).

As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Research hypothesis and questions, Limitations of the Study and Definition of technical terms.

1.2 Background of Study

The sale of sachet water in Nigeria has been on the increase since 2016 when 28.9 billion litres worth 938.6 billion naira was sold. This increase has been largely fueled by combined forces of a hot weather and an inadequate pipe-borne water supply in Nigeria. Furthermore, poor road infrastructure and traffic management which result in extended hours on the roads in many Nigerian cities have made the availability of on-the-go cold and packaged water a huge relief for thirst. The growth of the sachet water industry in addition, has been consolidated by the fact that this type of water packaged in flexible nylon sachets (although production conditions maybe poor) is cheap and affordable (Euromonitor, 2017). Since water is a veritable source of fluoride in human diet, and considering its importance in dental public health, fluorine levels in drinking water should be known. The regrettable fact is that this information is lacking at the national level in Nigeria (Akpata et al., 2009).

Sachet water related diseases continue to be one of the major health issue globally. The high revalence of diarrhoea among children and infants can be traced to the use of unsafe water and unhygienic practices (Omalu et al., 2010). The most dangerous form of water pollution occur when fecal contaminants like Escherichia coli enter the water supply and also through the fecal-oral routes of transmission. Microbial contaminants in water supply are the sources of many diseases such as typhoid fever, cholera, bacillary dysentery and so on. The agency has published guidelines for the production of sachet- packaged drinking water. Unfortunately most producers do not adhere to these guidelines (Onemano et al., 2003).

As water is heated from OOC, it contracts until 4oC is reached and then begins the expansion which is normally associated with increasing temperature. The viscosity of water decreases ten folds as the temperature is raised from OOC to 100 OC, and this also is associated with the decrease of ice like character in the water as the hydrogen bonds are disrupted by increasing thermal agitation. The electrical conductivity of water is at 1,000,000 times larger than that of most other non-metallic liquids at room temperature. The current in this case is carried by ions produced by the dissociation of water according to the reaction; H₂O H+ + OH-

This product recombine completely to form water vapour, also undergoes most of the chemical reactions of liquid water and at very high concentration even shows some of the unusual solvents properties of liquid water. Above 374⁰C, water vapour may be compressed to any density without liquefying, and at a density as high as 0.4glcm3, it can dissolve appreciable quantities of salt.

Therefore, in Ikole North where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to comparatively analyze the physicochemicals of borehole water and sachet water.

1.3 Statement of Problem

Investigation revealed that challenges in setting up potable water supplies for communities have been a matter under discussion. Most cited reasons range from poor quality of borehole water, high seepage rates of water pans, and seasonality of streams (Hazra, 2013). Sustainability of existing water projects has also proved difficult owing to poor management systems. Worse enough, prevailing poor sanitation conditions pose the greatest threat to water points. Previous studies in both urban and rural areas have concluded that contamination from on-site sanitation is a principal cause of contamination of water sources (Howard et al., 2013).

1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study

The aim of this study is to comparatively analyze the physicochemicals of borehole water and sachet water using Ikole North Local Government Area as a case study. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:

To determine the alkalinity levels in commercially available sachet and borehole water; and
To determine the concentration of alkalinity in selected borehole and sachet water sold at Ikole North district.

1.5 Significance of Study

This study will be of immense benefit to academic students and other researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.

1.6 Scope of Study

The scope of the research is focused on the Comparative Study of Physicochemical Analysis of Borehole Water and Sachet Water using Ikole North local government area in Ekiti State as a case study.

1.7 Limitations of the Study

During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:

Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
Research material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
Frequent power failure: This made the researcher append more money on fuel to ensure sustainable power.
Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet).

1.8 Definition of Terms

Phytochemical: This is a substance produced mainly by plants, and these substances have biological activity.

…

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …

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Preliminary Pages,
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PRELIMINARY PAGES

Title page
Approval page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Table of Contents
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Background of Study
1.3 Statement of Problem
1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
1.5 Significance of Study
1.6 Scope of Study
1.7 Limitations of the Study
1.8 Definition of Terms
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Conceptual Review
2.3 Parameters Tested in Sachet Water
2.4 Possible Contamination of Sachet Water
2.5 Comparison of Tap Water and Bole Hole Water
2.6 Factors Affecting Tap and Bole Hole Drinking Water Quality
2.7 Effects of Unsatisfactory Tap and Bole Hole Water
2.8 Sources of Water
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Area of Study
3.3 Collection of Samples
3.4 Preparation of Samples
3.5 Apparatus and Reagents
3.6 Methods of Analysis
3.7 Determination of the Alkalinity of the Water Samples
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Results
4.3 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Summary of Findings
5.3 Conclusion
5.4 Recommendation
REFERENCES

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