CODE-MIXING AND CODE-SWITCHING IN NIGERIAN INSTITUTIONS: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC STUDY

ABSTRACT

Code-switching is the use of more than one language, variety, or style by a speaker within an utterance or discourse, or between different interlocutors or situations. The study was carried out to Study the Socio-linguistic Effect of Code Switching and Code mixing in the Written English of Some Secondary School. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to conduct a sociolinguistic study on code-mixing and code-switching and examine ways can be used to avoid Code-Switching and Code-Mixing in learning English language. Investigation revealed that some of the studies focus on the way speakers of English code switch and mix between different language codes in their daily dialogues or conversations. All these studies drew their data from real life contexts. None of them investigated the use of code switch and mix in dramatized utterances. The research design used in this report is descriptive design, utilizing questionnaire method to obtain information from the respondents for this project. Primary data were collected from the primary source which questionnaire was used as an instrument of data collection while secondary data were sources from textbooks, journals, newspapers and the internet were employed. The data were presented on a frequency distribution table and analyzed using simple percentage. The study will come up with findings that will discourage the use of code-mixing and code-switching if their utilization will suggest negative effect on the proficiency of the users. On the other hand, if the proficiency of the bilingual is not affected the phenomenon will be encouraged. Based on the findings, it is recommended that the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology should promote secondary English teachers to have individual study of English grammar books in order to improve their competent on English language.

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction

Code-switching is the use of more than one language, variety, or style by a speaker within an utterance or discourse, or between different interlocutors or situations. Code-mixing and code-switching are important aspects of sociolinguistics because of their use and status in the society. In linguistics, code-switching occurs when a speaker alternates between two or more languages, or language varieties, in the context of a single conversation (Richard, 2005). However, Wardhaugh (2012: 103), states that code mixing occurs when a conversant use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance. It means that the conversant just changes some of the elements in their utterance. Code mixing takes place without a change of topic and can involve various levels of language, e.g., morphology and lexical items.

As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Research questions, Limitations of the Study and Definition of technical terms.

1.2 Background of Study

In Nigeria, the English language is used in formal situations particularly where foreigners, who cannot understand the national language, are involved. It is taught as a compulsory subject in primary education where as at the post primary education is the medium of instruction. Code-mixing and code-switching are important aspects of sociolinguistics because of their use and status in the society.

The continued exploration of various facets of code change is therefore not a surprise, as it has more than just (socio) linguistic, anthropological and psychological implications. To the extent that the way people talk is the expression of their personal, social, cultural and other identities, it is not an exaggeration to say that it actually affects the majority of the world’s population and, although has often been viewed as a stigmatized form of bilingual discourse, there is no doubt that learning more about the underlying rules of code-switching can only contribute to more awareness among speakers of poles apart (Adetuyi and Jegede, 2016).

Different reasons have been put forward by various authors and researchers to explain why people mix code and code switch. It is obvious that they have negative and positive effects on the use of the language. It then becomes necessary that these concepts related to human society and our educational system receive sufficient attention to be known and also used effectively where it is needed. In a society where people speak more than one language, there is usually one language naturally influenced by others. Some of the effects of multilingualism are code mixing and code change, bilingualism, diglossia, and so on. When a speaker comes into contact with two or more languages, he can start using the languages together, even if it is not necessarily with equal competence. However, these languages influence each other and often lead to code mixing and code switching (Kuntze, 2000). A typical context showing that speakers’ mix or switch codes can be found in Jenifer Diary.

In a society where individuals speak more than one language there is usually a language that is naturally influenced by the others. Some of the effects of multilingualism are code-mixing and code-switching, bilingualism, diglossia etc when a speaker comes in contact with two or more languages he or she may start to use the languages together even though it might not be with equal proficiency. However these languages affect one another and often lead to code-mixing and code-switching.

Code-mixing and code-switching occurs when elements of two or more languages are mixed between sentences, clauses and phrases. These concepts are products of bilingualism and they are the focus of this research work. Some researches have shown that students code-mix and code-switch in order to be admitted into some social situations. It is on this note that this research work intends to find out if undergraduates of University of Ilorin code-mix and code-switch, and also intend to find out why if they code-mix and code-switch.

Therefore, in Nigeria where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to know the Sociolinguistic Study of Code-Mixing and Code-Switching in Nigerian Institutions.

1.3 Statement of Problems

Investigation revealed that some of the studies focus on the way speakers of English code switch and mix between different language codes in their daily dialogues or conversations. All these studies drew their data from real life contexts. None of them investigated the use of code switch and mix in dramatized utterances. Investigating code switch and code mixing in the Written English of Some Secondary School will assist us in identifying how these phenomena are used among Nigerians. This is the gap this study intends to fill.

1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study

The aim of the study is to investigate Sociolinguistic Study of Code-Mixing and Code-Switching in Nigerian Institutions. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:

To conduct a sociolinguistic study on code-mixing and code-switching;
To determine how Code-Switching and Code-Mixing contribute toward students’ success or failure on learning English language.
To examine ways can be used to avoid Code-Switching and Code-Mixing in learning English language.
To determine the motivation or causes underlying the use of code-mixing and code-switching; and
To find out the reasons for Code-Switching and Code-Mixing in the learning English language in secondary schools in the area under study.

1.5 Research Questions

The study came up with research questions so as to be able to ascertain the above stated objectives. The specific research questions for the study are stated below as follows:

How does Code-Switching and Code-Mixing contribute toward students’ success or failure on learning English language?
What are the ways can be used to avoid Code-Switching and Code-Mixing in learning English language?
What is the sociolinguistic study on code-mixing and code-switching?
What is the motivation or causes underlying the use of code-mixing and code-switching?
What are the reasons for Code-Switching and Code-Mixing in the learning English language in secondary schools in the area under study?

1.6 Significance of Study

The essence of this research is to identify the likely social effects on the undergraduates of the University of Ilorin if they are users of code-mixing and code-switching. The research will also investigate the extent to which the undergraduates’ code-mix and code-switch if at all they do.

It is strongly believed that the findings at the need of this research will benefit bilinguals and it is also expected to contribute additional knowledge to the field of sociolinguistics. It will also be of immense benefit to students of English and linguistics.

At the end of this work, it is expected that the long essay will come up with findings that will discourage the use of code-mixing and code-switching if their use suggest negative effect on the proficiency of the users. On the other hand, if the proficiency of the bilingual is not affected the phenomenon will be encouraged.

1.7 Scope of Study

The scope of the research is focused on the Sociolinguistic Study of Code-Mixing and Code-Switching in Nigerian Institutions using University of Ilorin Undergraduates as a case study.

1.8 Limitations of the Study

During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:

Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
Research material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
Frequent power failure: This made the researcher append more money on fuel to ensure sustainable power.
Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).

…

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PRELIMINARY PAGES

Title page
Approval page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Table of Contents
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Background …
⋮
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Conceptual Review
2.3 Theoretical Framework
⋮
2.4 Empirical Studies
2.5 Research Gaps
2.6 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Population of Study
3.4 Sampling and Sampling Technique
3.5 Validation of Research Instrument
3.6 Method of Data Collection
3.7 Method of Data Analysis
3.8 Questionnaire Administration
3.9 Ethical Consideration
3.10 Statistical Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS, RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Presentation and Analysis of Data
4.3 Re-statement of Research Questions
4.4 Test of Hypotheses
4.5 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Summary of Findings
5.3 Conclusion
5.4 Recommendation
5.5 Suggestion for Further Study
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A - “QUESTIONNAIRE”

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