AWARENESS AND PREVENTION OF PRE-ECLAMPSIA AMONG PREGNANT WOMAN
ABSTRACT
Preeclampsia (PE) is a multisystem disorder characterized by de novo hypertension and proteinuria or superimposed to maternal hypertension or nephropathy in pregnant women who are usually beyond 20 weeks of gestational age. The study was carried out to examine the Awareness and Prevention of Pre-eclampsia Among Pregnant Woman Attending Antenatal Clinic in Ukpenu Health Center, Ekpoma, Edo State. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to identify how pregnant women prevent eclampsia at the maternity hospital and identify the strategies used for management of pre-eclampsia among pregnant women. Investigation revealed the pre-eclampsia is a major global health problem and a common medical complication of pregnancy among pregnant women residing in low and middle income countries. It is the development of convulsions and or coma that is not related to other cerebral conditions during pregnancy or in the postpartum period in women with signs and symptoms of preeclampsia. The research design used in this report is descriptive design, utilizing questionnaire method to obtain information from the respondents for this project. A total of 100 (one hundred) respondents were selected for this study to represent the entire population of the study. Primary data were collected from the primary source which questionnaire was used as an instrument of data collection while secondary data were sources from textbooks, journals, newspapers and the internet were employed. The data were presented on a frequency distribution table and analyzed using simple percentage, while hypothesis was tested using chi-square test. This study will be of immense benefit to other researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. Based on the findings, it is recommended that effective and sustained health education of mothers on the need for early booking, regular antenatal supervision of pregnancy and child birth in appropriate health facility as well as on identification of early signs of preeclampsia is necessary.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
Preeclampsia (PE) is a multisystem disorder characterized by de novo hypertension and proteinuria or superimposed to maternal hypertension or nephropathy in pregnant women who are usually beyond 20 weeks of gestational age. It affects around 2–5% of pregnancies. The prevalence may range as high as 10 to 18% in some developing countries (WHO, 2005). Pre-eclampsia is the most common complication that occurs during pregnancy. Pre-eclampsia can be defined as the presence of a systolic blood pressure (sbp) greater than or equal to 140mmhg or a diastolic blood pressure (dbp) greater than or equal to 90mmhg or higher, on two occasions at least 4 hours apart in a previously normotensive patient. It can also be defined as a sbp greater than or equal to 160 mm hg or a dbp greater than or equal to 110mmhg or higher.
As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Research hypothesis and questions, Limitations of the Study and Definition of technical terms.
1.2 Background of Study
Globally and in the health care delivery system preeclampsia is a syndrome characterized by hypertension and proteinuria that occurs during the second and third trimester of pregnancy. It can cause disseminated intravascular coagulation, vasospasm, sodium retention, and seizures; the occurrence of seizures in a pre-eclamptic women marks the onset of eclampsia. The end stage of pre-eclampsia is eclampsia which is defined by generalized tonic-clonic seizures, with or without raised blood pressure and proteinuria, occurring during or after pregnancy with or without other identifiable cause. The cause is usually multifactorial including cerebral vasoconstriction, ischemia, vasogenicedema, or other pathology.
Pre-eclampsia is a pregnancy-specific disorder characterized by hypertension, significant proteinuria, with or without edema (Kooffreh, Ekott&Ekpoudom, 2014). Pre-eclampsia is the most common complication that occurs during pregnancy. It generally develops during the second trimester and affects about 1 in 20 pregnancies (Nordqvist & Liberto, 2017). It is multifactorial and forms an integral part of the continuum of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. The end stage of pre-eclampsia is eclampsia (Kooffreh,et al.,2014). Pre-eclampsia is a disorder associated with high blood pressure and proteinuria during pregnancy (Bigdeli, Zafar, Assad & Ghaffar, 2013).
Although eclampsia occurs mostly in women with severe pre-eclampsia, there is no convincing test for predicting its onset. Many factors or medical conditions may influence the outcome of pregnancy, which in turn, may increase perinatal and maternal morbidity and mortality. One such condition is pre-eclampsia and eclampsia, which is characterized by an increase in blood pressure (BP), seizure, severe headache and edema (Marshall and Raynor, 2016). Although preeclampsia currently is a significant clinical problem, its impact is likely to increase as conditions that place a woman at risk for preeclampsia, such as diabetes and obesity, continue to become more prevalent. Together with other hypertensive diseases of pregnancy, it is one of the leading cause of maternal, fetal and neonatal mortality and morbidity especially in resource limited-settings where diagnosis and obstetric management are deficient (Sibai, 2010).
Therefore, Edo State where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to know the Awareness and Prevention of Pre-eclampsia among Pregnant Woman Attending Antenatal Clinic in Ukpenu Health Center, Ekpoma.
1.3 Statement of Problems
Investigation revealed the pre-eclampsia is a major global health problem and a common medical complication of pregnancy among pregnant women residing in low and middle income countries. It is the development of convulsions and or coma that is not related to other cerebral conditions during pregnancy or in the postpartum period in women with signs and symptoms of preeclampsia. It is one of the problems affecting women during pregnancy, labour and pueperium and is among the leading factor that causes maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity in Ukpenu Health Center, Ekpoma, Edo State.
1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
The aim of the study is to examine the Awareness and Prevention of Pre-eclampsia among Pregnant Woman Attending Antenatal Clinic in Ukpenu Health Center, Ekpoma, Edo State. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:
- To identify how pregnant women prevent eclampsia at the maternity hospital;
- To determine the level of knowledge of pregnant women on pre-eclampsia;
- To assess the outcomes of preeclampsia management among pregnant women;
- To identify the strategies used for management of pre-eclampsia among pregnant women; and
- To examine the knowledge, perception and management of pre-eclampsia among pregnant women attending Antenatal Clinic in the area under study.
1.5 Research Questions
The study came up with research questions so as to be able to ascertain the above stated objectives. The specific research questions for the study are stated below as follows:
- How does a pregnant woman prevent eclampsia at the maternity hospital?
- What is the level of knowledge of pregnant women on pre-eclampsia?
- What are the strategies used for management of pre-eclampsia among pregnant women?
- What are the outcomes of preeclampsia management among pregnant women?
- What are the knowledge, perception and management of pre-eclampsia among pregnant women attending Antenatal Clinic in the area under study?
1.6 Research Hypothesis
In order to pursue the objective of this study, the following generalized statements have been designed to guide and aids in obtaining the result for the experiment to be conducted. For this work, the null hypothesis will be represented with H0 while the alternative hypothesis will be represented with hypothesis H1.
Hypothesis One
- H0: There is no significant association between management and outcomes of eclampsia among Pregnant Woman
- H1: There is a significant association between management and outcomes of eclampsia among Pregnant Woman
Hypothesis Two
- H0: There would not be a significant association between awareness of eclampsia and the age of Pregnant Woman
- H1: There would be a significant association between awareness of eclampsia and the age of Pregnant Woman
1.7 Significance of Study
This study will be of immense benefit to other researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.
1.8 Scope of Study
The scope of the research is focused on the Awareness and Prevention of Pre-eclampsia among Pregnant Woman Attending Antenatal Clinic in Ukpenu Health Center, Ekpoma, Edo State.
1.9 Limitations of the Study
During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:
- Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
- Research material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
- Frequent power failure: This made the researcher append more money on fuel to ensure sustainable power.
- Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
1.10 Operational Definition of Terms
Perception: To notice something in a particular way or hold a view about something.
Attitude: The way one behaves towards somebody or something that shows how you think or feel.
Knowledge: To have information about something because you have experience or because you have learned it or be told.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
Procedure for Downloading the PDF (Docx) Material
Awareness and Prevention of Pre-eclampsia Among Pregnant Woman can be downloaded by requesting the full set of materials at the project or seminar cost. The document will be sent via Microsoft Word (MS-Word) format via WhatsApp (e-mail) following payment confirmation.
| Seminar Material Cost ₦3,000 | Project Material Cost ₦5,000 |
Request Complete Material
 | Click here to request the Complete Material via WhatsApp including;
|
TABLE OF CONTENTSPRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Background …
- ⋮
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Conceptual Review
- 2.3 Theoretical Framework
- ⋮
- 2.4 Empirical Studies
- 2.5 Research Gaps
- 2.6 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Research Design
- 3.3 Population of Study
- 3.4 Sampling and Sampling Technique
- 3.5 Validation of Research Instrument
- 3.6 Method of Data Collection
- 3.7 Method of Data Analysis
- 3.8 Questionnaire Administration
- 3.9 Ethical Consideration
- 3.10 Statistical Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS, RESULT AND DISCUSSION
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Presentation and Analysis of Data
- 4.3 Re-statement of Research Questions
- 4.4 Test of Hypotheses
- 4.5 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Summary of Findings
- 5.3 Conclusion
- 5.4 Recommendation
- 5.5 Suggestion for Further Study
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A - “QUESTIONNAIRE”
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Awareness and Prevention of Pre-eclampsia Among Pregnant Woman" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
PRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Background …
- ⋮
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Conceptual Review
- 2.3 Theoretical Framework
- ⋮
- 2.4 Empirical Studies
- 2.5 Research Gaps
- 2.6 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Research Design
- 3.3 Population of Study
- 3.4 Sampling and Sampling Technique
- 3.5 Validation of Research Instrument
- 3.6 Method of Data Collection
- 3.7 Method of Data Analysis
- 3.8 Questionnaire Administration
- 3.9 Ethical Consideration
- 3.10 Statistical Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS, RESULT AND DISCUSSION
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Presentation and Analysis of Data
- 4.3 Re-statement of Research Questions
- 4.4 Test of Hypotheses
- 4.5 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Summary of Findings
- 5.3 Conclusion
- 5.4 Recommendation
- 5.5 Suggestion for Further Study
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A - “QUESTIONNAIRE”
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Awareness and Prevention of Pre-eclampsia Among Pregnant Woman" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Can the material for “Relative Academic Performances of the Students in Junior Secondary School Certificate Examination in English Language and Integrated Science” be used as a guide for Integrated Science Project?
Yes it can be used — This study was carried out to determine the academic performances of the students in Junior Secondary School Certificate Examination in English Language and integrated science in Enugu North Local Government area in the year 2008 and 2009.Literature was reviewed based on the topic. The population of the study is junior secondary schools in Enugu North Local Government area, which their results are been collected using random sampling to select eight(8) secondary schools in Enugu north L.G.A. Instrument used for data collection are JSSCE results of the students from 2008 and 2009.The study was analyzed and presented using tables and percentages. Four research questions were stated that was used in carrying out the study such as what have been the overall …
Can the material for “Design and Implementation of a Post Natal Appointment Scheduling System” be used as a guide for Computer Science (CS) Project?
Yes it can be used — Post Natal is defined as the six weeks after childbirth arrangement to meet an health care worker such as; Doctors and Nurses, at a particular time in an hospital. The aim of the study is to design an application that will eradicate the existing problems of the post natal appointment scheduling system. In achieving this aim, the specific objectives below will be adhered to; develop an application that will enable the care providers search and browse post natal patient record without delay, store post natal patient file record in a database that will enable care providers to be able to locate patient files in the health facility, develop an application that will accurately schedule multiple patient daily appointment meet-up with …
Can the material for “The Impact of Unemployment on Nigerian Economy (1980-2010)” be used as a guide for Economics Project?
Yes it can be used — The term unemployment can be defined as a situation whereby those who are willing and able to work do not find job. This is mostly seen among greduates of various institutions of learning especially in underdeveloped nation like Nigeria. The study was designed to investigate the impact on unemployment on Nigeria economy (1980-2010). The research focuses on determining the causes and effects of unemployment and how the problem of unemployment in Nigeria will be reduced to a minimal level or even eradicated. It focuses on this objective; to determine the relationship between unemployment and economic growth in Nigeria (GDP).The method of analysis used in testing the hypothesis is the t-test, f-test e.t.c.Data for the study was obtained from the Central Bank …
Can the material for “The Problems of Teaching Biology Practicals in Senior Secondary Schools” be used as a guide for Education Project?
Yes it can be used — This project was carried out to find out the problems in teaching Biology practicals in senior secondary schools in Yaba Local Government Area in Lagos state, district 4. Opoh (2008) and Onah (2002), observed that Biology practical is the scientific study of the life and structure of plants and animals and their relative environments in real or experimental set up. Furthermore, the present researchers findings made it evident that there are many methods to make Biology practicals more effective and efficiency in educational system. Chapter one and two is the background of the study and the review of related literature respectively. In chapter three, the research method and overall design of the study was presented. Chapter four, dealt with data presentation and …
Can this topic “Politics and Aesthetics in Selected Plays of Wole Soyinka” be used for English Language Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — This study has been embarked upon to present the politics and aesthetics in selected plays of Wole Soyinka paying much attention to his The Beatification of Area Boy and Kongi’s Harvest. The study has been able to extract and discuss the ways in which Wole Soyinka applied cultural artifacts to political issues to depict the happenings in his immediate society. The sociological approach has been used in respect to the Marxist theory. The study has conclusively pointed to the fact that the society can only be changed positively if everyone is ready to make huge sacrifices to realize positive changes. …
Can the material for “Design and Implementation of a Secured Microblogging Service API” be used as a guide for Computer Science (CS) Project?
Yes it can be used — Microblogging is the practice of posting small pieces of digital content which could be in the form of text, pictures, links, short videos, or any other form of media over the web. The aim of the study is to design and implement a secured microblogging service API that is easy to integrate with any front-end application. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows to develop an application software that will authenticate and save the details of a user, encrypt a registered user’s password and allow authenticated users to create, read, update or delete a blog post. The motivation that led to the implementation of the proposed system is that software Developers usually get caught …
Can the material for “Design and Implementation of an Online Supply Management System” be used as a guide for Computer Science (CS) Project?
Yes it can be used — Supply Management is the strategic and systematic coordination of traditional business functions which facilitate the distribution network between customers, and the company's internal activities. The aim of the study is to design and implement an Online Supply Management System. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows to develop an application software that will establish the extent of supply chain management practices implementation in an organization, aid easy capture and retrieval of supply chain details and help in maximizing profit by determining priority of supply chain. The motivation that led to the implementation of the proposed system is that most suppliers lack the technical expertise to dispense their duties, inadequate supplier selection and this is one …
Can the material for “Effects of Poverty Reduction Programmes of Federal Government on Rural Communities in Nigeria” be used as a guide for Public Administration (PA) Project?
Yes it can be used — The study was carried out to examine the role of ICT in service at the Anambra State Ministry of Education. To this end, a review of the concept of ICT and the role it plays in service delivery in government ministries was carried out. Two research questions and four research, hypotheses stated in both the null and alternative forms were put forward. Data was collected with the aid of a questionnaire and analysed with the simple percentage and mean analysis method. At the end it was discovered that although the adoption of ICT has had a positive impact on service delivery at the Anambra State Ministry of Education, the Ministry still faces ICT related challenges like high cost of procuring ICT …
Can the material for “Engineering Approach to the Management and Control of Industrial Effluent” be used as a guide for Civil Engineering Project?
Yes it can be used — The study determines the Engineering Approach to the Management and Control of Industrial Effluent using Oyato Bakery in Akure as a case study. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to assess of the industrial waste management capability of the treatment facilities of selected industries, determine the dilution power and self- recovery ability of a purposively in Oyato Bakery in Akure after receiving industrial effluents, use an existing model to determine the ability of the selected receiving stream to recover from the environmental impacts of the industrial activities, and determine the treatability of the effluents and recommend an engineering solution to the impacts. The research analyzed the effluent discharges from all industries along the river for …
Can the material for “Incidence of Drug Abuse Among Selected Secondary School Adolescents” be used as a guide for Education Project?
Yes it can be used — This study was conducted to find out some of the factors influencing drug abuse behaviour amongst secondary schools in Ogbomoso North Local Government Area of Oyo state. The population comprised five secondary schools, which were randomly selected from the mixed schools in the local government. The sample from the population comprises two hundred and fifty-158 males and 92 females. The instrument used for the study consisted of thirty (30) items of a questionnaire focusing on the factors influencing drug abuse behaviour amongst secondary schools students in Ogbomoso North Local Government Area of Oyo State. The data collected was analysed using t-test. Four null hypothesis were tested at 0.05 level of significance. Result of findings were discussed. Recommendations and suggestion were made. …