ASSESSMENT OF THE ROLE OF GENDER IN COOPERATIVE DEVELOPMENT

ABSTRACT

This study had the objective of assessing the role of gender in cooperative development, analyzing the socio-economic profile of the cooperators on the basis of gender, assessing gender contributions to cooperative development in terms of membership, organizational and leadership structures, examining technical efficiency and factors hindering the implementation of gender sensitiveprogram and activities in Awka North Local Government Area of Anambra State. A field survey was conducted to collect data from one hundred and fifty(150) respondents. The study employed descriptive statistics, stochastic cobb Douglas frontier function as well as ranking method in the analysis of data collected.

The result of the study indicates that female cooperators, who are within the active age, are reasonably literate and dominate the leadership role in cooperatives. The result also shows that farm size and fertilizer use lead to increase in technical or productive efficiency among cooperators. The major constraint is gender imbalance or inequality, conflicting interests, low level of participation, wrong timing of meetings, and long distance to meeting venue. The estimation of technical efficiency of the cooperators was estimated using cobb-Douglas functional form of stochastic c frontier model.

The coefficients of farm size and fertilizer possess a positive sign, while gender possessed a negative coefficient and highly significant, although it does not confirm with a priori expectation, it shows that female cooperators contribute more to technical or productive efficiency of their enterprises than their male counterparts . Hypothesis was tested using chi-sqared X2. This paper recommends that cooperatives should address equality issues and make a firm commitment in their mandate to correct imbalances where they exist and to attain equitable and sustainable development with both men and women in decision- making and leadership position.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction:

1.1 Background Of The Study:

Gender refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviours, activities, and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women.

Gender concept simply refers to the socially-determined and culturally-specific differences between women and men as opposed to the biologically determined differences.

Oxford advanced learner’s dictionary 6th edition sees gender as the fact of being male or female; gender specific or issue is connected with women only or with men only.

Reeves and baden (2000)sees gender as the “socially determined ideas and practices of what it is to be female or male; these ideas and practices are sanctioned and reinforced by a host of cultural, political and economic institutions including household, legal and governance structure, markets and religion.

Russo et al (2004) see gender as socio-economic variables which aid the analysis of roles, responsibilities, constraints and opportunities of both men and women.

Gender which is commonly used interchangeably with ‘sex’ within the academic fields of cultural studies, gender studies and the social sciences in general; often refers to purely social rather than biological differences, this means that ‘gender roles’ are formed through socialization. Meanwhile, the concept gender, is an important analytical tool in the planning, management, monitoring and evaluation of development programs or cooperative projects as requires that women are considered in relation to men in a socio − cultural setting and not as an isolated group.

Gender roles focuses on household and community roles because gender roles are different in any society, this is because in each society, there are functions of what women and men of that society are expected to do in their adult life. Since gender roles are formed through socialization, children are socialized to internalize these roles; girls and boys are prepared for their different but specific roles. Gender roles can be defined as the roles that are played by both women and men which are not determined by biological factors, but by the socio-economic and cultural environment or situation. Men and women are also characterized by different roles which mean that men take the lead in productive activities, and women in reproductive activities, where the latter include the reproduction of the family and even of society itself. Obviously, women and men’s roles and responsibilities are separate but they complement one another.

UNDP (1995) Opined that ‘gender’ is an economic issue as well as a social issue, in fact more so in Africa than in any other Region and that both men and women play substantial economic roles, notably in Agriculture and in the informal sector, but they are not evenly distributed across the sectors of the economy.

Word Bank (2000)on economic roles of men and women in Africa asked, if Africa can claim the 21st century?, a study made the argument that Africa has enormous unexploited potentials. It has hidden growth reserves in its people, including the potential of its women, who now provide more than half the Region’s labour but lack equal access to education and factors of production. The study concludes that gender equality can be a potent force for accelerated poverty reduction in Africa and Nigeria in particular.

Although ‘gender’ and ‘women’ are often used interchangeably, they are not one in the same .However, most gender analyses usually find that women are disproportionately disadvantaged, that is why the majority of gendered interventions target women. As a result of this, the discussions on gender roles at household and community level revealed that women do all the reproductive work as well as most of the productive work. Women have a bigger share of community roles. Women are continuously taking up roles that were traditionally considered men’s; for example in building. Finally both men and women agreed

that some men are not taking sufficient responsibility in the homes and that this is one of the reasons why women take up such responsibilities in view of the well being of their families; that is ,if a man does not care about building or repairing the family house, the woman has to do so because she cannot continue living under a leaking house which is unsafe for the family. This entails that most of the economic activities are in the hands of women; also, women’s activities are often constrained to household and community management activities like child care, food preparation, subsistent agriculture e.t.c.

This is why Moser(1993)refers to women as assuming a triple role, that is ,they are responsible for reproductive, productive and community management activities, and receive little recognition for their unpaid work. Therefore, women, the poor, religious or ethnic minorities may face significant constraints in their attempt to participate in collective action. Women’s exclusion from participation may be a direct result of gender norms, or can emerge from other factors that are determined by such norms. In a study of mixed-sex agricultural cooperatives in Nicaragua,mayoux found women’s participation limited to involvement as day labourers; when women attempt to make their voices heard or gain management positions, they were perceived by others(men and women)as attempting to step out of their appropriate social role.

…

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …

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Preliminary Pages,
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PRELIMINARY PAGES

Title page
Approval page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Table of Contents
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Statement of the problem
1.3 Statement of research question
1.4 Objective of the study
1.5 Statement of hypotheses
1.6 Justification of the study
1.7 Limitation and scope of the study
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 The nature of cooperative society
2.2 Development of cooperatives
2.3 Cooperative development in Nigeria
2.4 Problems of cooperative societies
2.5 The role of women in cooperative development
2.6 Economic role of men and women
2.7 Non-market role of men and women
2.8 Concept of gender
2.9 Gender and development project in cooperative
2.10 Gender issues in cooperatives
2.11 How to solve gender issues
2.12 Gender analysis and planning
2.13 Gender equity
2.14 Gender equity in millennium development goals
2.15 Gender inequality
2.16 Gender roles in cooperative development
2.17 Gender roles and socialization
2.18 Gender roles at household and community level
2.19 Gender sensitivity among ethnic group in Nigeria
2.20 Relevance of rural children and youth development programmes
2.21 Strategic integration of children − in-agriculture programme
2.22 Technical efficiency in small scale production
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Research Methodology
3.1 Area of study
3.2 Population of the study
3.3 Sample size determination and sampling technique
3.4 Research design
3.5 Method of data collection
3.6 Method of data analysis
3.7 Model specification
3.7.1 Technical efficiency
3.7.2 Sources of efficiency
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Result And Discussion
4.1 Socio economic characteristics
4.2 Gender contribution to cooperative development in terms of membership organizational/leadership structure
4.3 Estimation of technical efficiency among cooperators
4.4 Comparison of technical efficiency scores along gender lines
4.5 Constraints to implementation of gender sensitive Programmes
4.6 Testing of hypothesis
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendation
5.1 Summary of Findings
REFERENCES

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