ASSESSMENT OF BOOKKEEPING PRACTICES AND ITS RELEVANCE TO SMES

1.1 Introduction

Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs) are the backbone of the Nigerian economy in terms of contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and job creations (Abor et al., 2010). The SME sector is believed to be the fastest growing sector in every economy especially in developing countries like Ghana and compliments the efforts of the larger industries (Ahiawodzi et al., 2012; Madurapperuma et al., 2016).

As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Research hypothesis and questions, Limitations of the Study and Definition of technical terms.

1.2 Background of Study

Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) play a major role in economic development through employment creation and income generation. SMEs are sometimes referred to as Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). They cover non farm activities such as manufacturing, mining, commerce and services. There are different criteria for categorizing SMEs. Commonly used criteria are total number of employees, total investment and sales turnover (Burns & Dewhust 1996; Bushong 1995; Holmes et al. 2003).

In the context of Nigeria, SMEs are those enterprises engaging up to 29 employees, in most cases family members, with capital amounting up to N100,000. Majority of SMEs fall under the informal sector. SMEs are formalized undertakings engaging between 1 and 29 employees, with capital investment from N100, 000.

According to World Bank (2006); Nigeria is characterized by low capital formation, SMEs are the best option to address this problem. SMEs tend to be more effective in utilization of local resources using simple affordable technology. SMEs play a fundamental role in utilizing and adding value to local resources. In addition, development of SMEs facilitates distribution of economic activities within the economy and foster equitable income distribution. Other relevance of SMEs to the socio-economic development of Nigeria includes innovation, contribution to the growth of GDP, job creation and many others. Bookkeeping or financial recordkeeping therefore is an essential ingredient for the success or failure of SMEs in developing countries.

In spite of the significant gains from the growth of SMEs to the Nigerian economy, there are a number of challenges facing the sub-sector. Among many of these challenges in Nigeria is lack of access to finance and these has been largely due to lack of business records to enable them access credit from banks. It is estimated that 25 to 30% of SMEs under 5 years collapse every year (Ministry of Trade and Industry 2004).

To address the challenge of lack of access to finance among SMEs, they must address the problem of bookkeeping. In Nigeria, credit facilities to SMEs are in the form of loans or debt financing offered by banks, which provide growth capital for SMEs. However, there are numerous obstacles to these SMEs in accessing credit facilities hence, the difficulty of access to capital, high interest rates charges are partially the result of incomplete (or no) accounting records, and the inefficient use of accounting information. Poor record keeping and accounting information also made it difficult for financial institutions to evaluate potential risks and returns (World Bank 1978), making the banks unwilling to lend to SMEs. As a result, SMEs pay high interest rates or fall back on the middlemen or money lenders, whose loans are costly and often restrictive.

Modern bookkeeping when practiced would provide the necessary information that will critically affect major business decisions and also facilitates effective monitoring the financial development or failure of the business. For instance, the evaluation of financial consequences takes a big part in every decision that the owner will make. Without reliable financial information and accurate records, it will be intricate to project the impacts of a certain course or action. It must be noted that, profitability is revealed only with accurate records.

According to Stephen Thompson (2004), “proper bookkeeping business needs. He also indicated that, a basic bookkeeping report, when done correctly, should be able to answer these questions”.

• How much income are you generating every month, and how much will you be expecting in the future?
• How much cash is under your list of receivables and when will they turn to actual cash?
• Which of your product lines or services are bringing in the most amount of profit, break-even, end/or draining your resources?
• How does the data compare with last year or the last quarter?
• How does the data compare with projections?
• How does all this information compare with the competition? Are you leading or falling behind?

It is thus, the objective of this study to analyses the significance of bookkeeping and its effects to the growth of SMEs in Nigeria.

1.3 Statement of Problems

Even though SMEs are the base of the coun on their mode of recordkeeping in Nigeria. R (BAC) of the NBSSI have shown that, recordkeeping is a major problem facing the country. Their figures as at March 2004 suggest that, 264 small and medium enterprises were contacted by their outfit in Nigeria. Out of these figures, only 145 were identified to be practicing basic bookkeeping and according to this report, the manner in which it is done could not support any effective financial management of these businesses (2004 NBSSI/ BAC, annual report).

Further studies in 2006 reveals similar trend and the problem is peculiar with small businesses which constitute about 90% of the informal sector in the Nigerian economy. The concern has risen as to why such a significant number of SMEs fail to keep proper records of the various activities within their business. As indicated, records must be kept in such a manner that would enable the business assessable income and allowable deductions to be readily ascertained. Proper record keeping will enable tax officials assess correctly the profit of the business to enable them perform proper tax assessment of these businesses.

Generally, a business needs to keep sufficient records in order to run the business efficiently and effectively. Lack of proper recordkeeping system in Nigeria is affecting industrial statistics compilation for the country and this does not assist the government in planning for the sector.

It does not also support businesses to access loans from financial institutions because track record reveals the viability and profitability, hence the ability for repayment of the loans granted to these SMEs.

In spite of all these problems associated with lack of bookkeeping, many businesses still fail to keep proper records leading to high failure rate of about 30% of businesses annually in Nigeria (Nigeria Bureau of Statistics report, 2003-2004).

In situation where they even survive, inaccurate records normally have an impact on businesses negatively and do not reveal the true stance of business.

In view of the above challenges faced by both the SMEs and the Government, and also having recognized the fact that SMEs remai is the need to do a thorough study to discover some of the reasons for lack of proper or no recordkeeping in the country. This project therefore, is an effort to do an in-depth study and analysis of various known and unknown reasons for lack of proper recordkeeping and the advantages in using modern systems in bookkeeping like computer support systems by SMEs in Nigeria.

1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study

The aim of the study is to assess the Bookkeeping Practices and its Relevance to SMEs using Some Selected SMEs in Nigeria as a case study. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:

1. To assess whether SMEs in the Local Government Area were practicing bookkeeping.
2. To examine methods of recordkeeping by SMEs.
3. To determine how recordkeeping enhances the development of SMEs.
4. To examine the challenges to proper record keeping.

1.5 Research Questions

The study came up with research questions so as to be able to ascertain the above stated objectives. The specific research questions for the study are stated below as follows:

• Does businesses in the Local Government Area practiced bookkeeping?
• What methods were used in bookkeeping by SMEs?
• Does recordkeeping enhances the development of SMEs?
• Are there challenges facing SMEs in recordkeeping?

1.6 Research Hypothesis

In order to pursue the objective of this study, the following generalized statements have been designed to guide and aids in obtaining the result for the experiment to be conducted. For this work, the null hypothesis will be represented with H0 while the alternative hypothesis will be represented with hypothesis H1.

• H0: There is no significant challenge facing Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in recordkeeping
• H1: There is a significant challenge facing Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in recordkeeping

1.7 Significance of Study

The significance of the study is to draw awareness on the importance of recordkeeping in businesses. Lack of data hampers a comprehensive analysis, and would subject businesses to the risk of hitting cash flow crisis, misappropriation of funds and businesses may slip off many opportunities to grow and expand.

The significance of the study seeks to highlight on such benefits as to:

1. Help businesses improve bookkeeping practices and to enable the Internal Revenue Service to evaluate their business activities
2. Help businesses keep accurate and updated records and financial activities
3. Help simplify records and summarized financial transactions into a usable form. That would provide the base for data compilation for the country.
4. To fill the existing gap in knowledge and act as a stepping stone for future researchers who would like to conduct studies on the same topic or similar topics.

This study will be of immense benefit to other researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.

1.8 The Scope of Study

The scope of the study is to look at the general effects of proper bookkeeping how it can support the growth of SMEs and also the reasons for their failure to maintain good record keeping, in Nigeria.

1.9 Limitations of the Study

During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:

1. Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
2. Research material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
3. Frequent power failure: This made the researcher append more money on fuel to ensure sustainable power.
4. Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).

1.10 Definition of Terms

To ensure that the research work is easily understood, some technical terms used will be explained.

Objectives: These are the future expectations of an individual’s cooperate body or organization. They are the targets which an organization hopes to achieve. Objectives are usually on a long term basis.

Organization: This is an organized body of persons or cooperate bodies aiming towards a particular objective.

Small Scale Business: These are firms organizations with less than 250 employees and whose asset base is below N200m.

Business: This is an economic activity oriented towards producing goods and services at a profit of satisfaction to mankind.