ASSESSMENT OF AWARENESS AND ATTITUDE OF STUDENTS TOWARDS RISK ASSOCIATED WITH MEDICAL X-RAY PROCEDURE
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to assess the awareness and attitude of students towards risk associated with medical x-ray procedure using Non-medical Students in University of Nigeria as a case study. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to determine the level of awareness of the risks associated with X-ray investigations among students outside medical field and assess the best method of communicating risks associated with medical X-ray procedures. Medical X-rays are usually the most common form of electric magnetic radiation. Students’ level of awareness about risks associated with X-ray investigations influences their attitude towards X-ray procedures. The research design used in this report is descriptive design, utilizing questionnaire method to obtain information from the respondents for this project. A total of 180 (one hundred and eighty) respondents were selected for this study to represent the entire population of the study. Primary data were collected from the primary source which questionnaire was used as an instrument of data collection while secondary data were sources from textbooks, journals, newspapers and the internet were employed. The data were presented on a frequency distribution table and analyzed using simple percentage, while hypothesis was tested using chi-square test. The study will document the levels of awareness of risks associated with medical X-ray investigations among students and also serve as a guide to know the attitude of students toward risks associated with medical X-ray procedures. The findings shows that more than half of the students are aware that X-ray used in medical imaging is associated with some risks though very few knows the rationale why X-ray is harmful. Students that feel scared towards risks associated with medical imaging are greater in number than those who feel comfortable and less concern towards risks it.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
Awareness is the act of knowing that something exists and attitude is the way people behave towards something that shows how they think and feel concerning it. Medical X-ray investigation is an indispensable arm of modern medicine that uses X-ray for diagnosis and management of diseases. It is one of the most powerful medical imaging tools and the second most commonly used medical test after medical laboratory tests which aids in diagnosis. With the advent of X-rays as a diagnostic technique, radiological procedures are increasingly being used in diagnosis and management of wide range of diseases, resulting in increased population exposure. The increase in utilization has led to a parallel increase in concern regarding radiation risks because X-ray procedures utilize ionizing radiation which is harmful to health.
As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Research hypothesis and questions, Limitations of the Study and Definition of technical terms.
1.2 Background of Study
Students’ level of awareness about risks associated with X-ray investigations influences their attitude towards X-ray procedures. The days of ignorance are gone so it is important that the general public including students is aware of risks associated with medical X-ray procedures to have the right attitude towards medical X-ray procedures and so be able to make clearer decisions about their healthcare.
Medical X-rays are usually the most common form of electric magnetic radiation. Technological developments in imaging have resulted in increasingly powerful and guided X- ray rays, and also growing use of visible light in adolescence microbial tissues and structural elements of materials like concrete. Since its discovery in 1895 X-ray has been commonly used in medication and some areas of technology, science and engineering.
Radiation is defined as energy in motion. Which can be transmitted as a wave, it emanates from a source and can travel through a space and some materials (Woodside, 1997). Based on energy level and ionization potential, radiation is of two types, ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation (Maccia, 2015). Radiation exposure is a measure of the ionization of air by ionizing radiations such as gamma rays, X-rays and alpha particle. It is defined to be the electric charge freed by the radiation divided by the mass of the air (Glen, 2010). However the risk associated with x-ray investigation is far outweighed by the medical benefit of having the diagnosis. Also radiologists/radiographers tries to reduce the probability of radiation risks occurrence by making radiation dose from medical imaging as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA Principle), yet no risk should be over looked no matter how insignificant such risk is. Some patients due to misconceptions rejects the diagnosis even at the risk of deleterious health outcomes while some will prefer to have the investigation done first rather than worrying about the risks involved.
Several studies have shown that there is poor awareness about radiation risks associated with radiological examinations and that patient’s decisions against undergoing an imaging procedure are frequently based on partial and sometimes incorrect information. The rising increase on the use of x-ray investigations and the curiosity to know whether students are aware of such risks associated with X-ray investigations and their attitude towards it triggered the researcher to assess the students’ awareness and their attitude towards risks associated with medical X-ray investigations. Therefore, in Nigeria where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to assess the awareness and attitude of students towards risk associated with medical x-ray procedure.
1.3 Statement of Problems
Investigation revealed that the level of awareness about risks associated with X-ray investigations among students outside the medical field is unknown and he attitude of students outside medical field towards risks associated with X-ray investigations is unknown. The need of finding a better method of communicating risks associated with X-ray investigations.
1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
The aim of the study is to assess the awareness and attitude of students towards risk associated with medical x-ray procedure using Non-medical Students in University of Nigeria as a case study. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:
- To determine the level of awareness of the risks associated with X-ray investigations among students outside medical field.
- To assess students’ attitude towards risks associated with X-ray investigations.
- To assess the best method of communicating risks associated with medical X-ray procedures.
1.5 Research Questions
The study came up with research questions so as to be able to ascertain the above stated objectives. The specific research questions for the study are stated below as follows:
- Is there any best method of communicating risks associated with medical X-ray procedures?
- What is the students’ attitude towards risks associated with X-ray investigations?
- What is the level of awareness of the risks associated with X-ray investigations among students outside medical field?
1.6 Research Hypothesis
In order to pursue the objective of this study, the following generalized statements have been designed to guide and aids in obtaining the result for the experiment to be conducted. For this work, the null hypothesis will be represented with H0 while the alternative hypothesis will be represented with hypothesis H1.
Hypothesis One
- H0: Students are not aware of the risks associated with X-ray investigations in University of Nigeria
- H1: Students are aware of the risks associated with X-ray investigations in University of Nigeria
1.7 Significance of Study
The following are the relevance of this research work, which is stated as follows:
- The research will document the levels of awareness of risks associated with medical X-ray investigations among students.
- The research will serve as a guide to know the attitude of students toward risks associated with medical X-ray procedures.
- The research will aid to determine the best method of communicating risks associated with medical X-ray investigations.
This study will be of immense benefit to other researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.
1.8 Scope of Study
The study focuses on the assessment and awareness and attitude of students towards risk associated with medical x-ray procedure using Non-medical Students in University of Nigeria as a case study.
1.9 Limitations of the Study
During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:
- Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
- Research material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
- Frequent power failure: This made the researcher append more money on fuel to ensure sustainable power.
- Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
1.10 Definition of Terms
Medication: A medication is a substance that is taken in to or placed on the body that does one of the following things: most medications are used to cure disease or condition. (For example, antibiotics are given to cure an infection. Medications are also given to treat a medical condition).
Prescription: A prescription is a health-care program implemented by a physician or other qualified health care practitioner in the form of instructions that govern the plan of care for an individual patient.
Symptom: A symptom is a departure from normal function or feeling which is apparent to a patient, reflecting the presence of an unusual state or of a disease. (For example: tiredness, cough or fever).
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
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TABLE OF CONTENTSPRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Background …
- ⋮
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Conceptual Review
- 2.3 Theoretical Framework
- ⋮
- 2.4 Empirical Studies
- 2.5 Research Gaps
- 2.6 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Research Design
- 3.3 Population of Study
- 3.4 Sampling and Sampling Technique
- 3.5 Validation of Research Instrument
- 3.6 Method of Data Collection
- 3.7 Method of Data Analysis
- 3.8 Questionnaire Administration
- 3.9 Ethical Consideration
- 3.10 Statistical Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS, RESULT AND DISCUSSION
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Presentation and Analysis of Data
- 4.3 Re-statement of Research Questions
- 4.4 Test of Hypotheses
- 4.5 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Summary of Findings
- 5.3 Conclusion
- 5.4 Recommendation
- 5.5 Suggestion for Further Study
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A - “QUESTIONNAIRE”
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Assessment of Awareness and Attitude of Students towards Risk Associated with Medical X-ray Procedure" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
PRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Background …
- ⋮
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Conceptual Review
- 2.3 Theoretical Framework
- ⋮
- 2.4 Empirical Studies
- 2.5 Research Gaps
- 2.6 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Research Design
- 3.3 Population of Study
- 3.4 Sampling and Sampling Technique
- 3.5 Validation of Research Instrument
- 3.6 Method of Data Collection
- 3.7 Method of Data Analysis
- 3.8 Questionnaire Administration
- 3.9 Ethical Consideration
- 3.10 Statistical Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS, RESULT AND DISCUSSION
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Presentation and Analysis of Data
- 4.3 Re-statement of Research Questions
- 4.4 Test of Hypotheses
- 4.5 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Summary of Findings
- 5.3 Conclusion
- 5.4 Recommendation
- 5.5 Suggestion for Further Study
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A - “QUESTIONNAIRE”
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Assessment of Awareness and Attitude of Students towards Risk Associated with Medical X-ray Procedure" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
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