ANTIMICROBIAL SCREENING OF SEED AND COAT OF CITRUS SINENSIS
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
Orange is from the citrus family, the fruit size varies with cultivar and crop load, but most often measures between 2.5-4 inches in diameter. The shape of the fruit is spherical to oblong, with a peel thickness between that of grape fruit and tangerine and is either smooth or roughly pebbly. The presence and amount of seed, depends also on the cultivar (Nwobi et al., 2006).
As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Limitations of the Study and Definition of technical terms.
1.2 Background of Study
Citrus sinensis (L.), family Rutaceae, is one of the major commercial fruit crops that are widely consumed both as fresh fruit or juice due to its high vitamin C content and antioxidant potential (Gorinstein et’al., 2001). The Citrus sinensis popularly known as sweet orange seed in Igbo of Nigeria is of the Rutaceae family. The seed is best sown in a greenhouse as soon as it is ripe after thoroughly rinsing it, sow stored seed in March in a greenhouse, germination usually takes place within 2-3 weeks at 130C. seedlings are liable to damp off so they must be watered with care and kept well ventilated. Citrus sinensis Contains a wide range of active ingredients and research is still underway in finding uses for them. They are rich in vitamin c, flavonoids, acids and volatile oils. They also contain coumarins such as bergapten which sensitizes the skin to sunlight. Bergapten is sometimes added to tanning preparations since it promotes pigmentation in the skin, though it can cause dermatitis or allergy responses in some people. Some of the plants more recent applications are as sources of anti-oxidants and chemical exfoliants in spercified cosmetics.
The fruit is an appetizer and blood purifier, it is used to allay thirst in people with fever and also treat catarrh. The fruit juice is useful in treatment of bilious infections and bilious diarrhea. The fruit rind is caminative and tonic cure for acne. The dried peel is used in the treatment of anorexia, cold cough etc.
Therefore, in Nigeria where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to know the Preliminary Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Screening of Seed and Coat of Citrus Sinensis.
1.3 Statement of Problems
Investigation revealed that microorganisms are associated, in a variety of ways with all the food we eat. They may influence the quality, availability and quantity of our food such as fruits and vegetables which normally contain some microorganisms and maybe contaminated with additional organisms during handling.
1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
The aim of the study is to carry out an Antimicrobial Screening of Seed and Coat of Citrus Sinensis. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:
- To screen the coat and seed of Citrus sinensis for the presence of phyhtochemicals of interest
- To determine the antifungal/antibacterial activities of the seed and coat of Citrus sinensis
1.5 Research Questions
The study came up with research questions so as to be able to ascertain the above stated objectives. The specific research questions for the study are stated below as follows:
- What are the antifungal/antibacterial activities of the seed and coat of Citrus sinensis?
- What is the coat and seed of Citrus sinensis for the presence of phyhtochemicals of interest?
1.6 Significance of Study
Sweet Orange (Citrus Sinensis) play a vital role in human nutrition by supplying the necessary growth factors such as vitamins and essential minerals in human daily diet and that can help keep a good and normal health. They are widely distributed in nature and can play an important role in health through the prevention of heart disease and cancer. This study will be of immense benefit to researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.
1.7 Scope of Study
The scope of the research is focused on the Preliminary Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Screening of Seed and Coat of Citrus Sinensis.
1.8 Limitations of the Study
During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:
- Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
- Research material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
- Frequent power failure: This made the researcher append more money on fuel to ensure sustainable power.
- Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
Procedure for Downloading the PDF (Docx) Material
Antimicrobial Screening of Seed and Coat of Citrus Sinensis can be downloaded by requesting the full set of materials at the project or seminar cost. The document will be sent via Microsoft Word (MS-Word) format via WhatsApp (e-mail) following payment confirmation.
| Seminar Material Cost ₦3,000 | Project Material Cost ₦5,000 |
Request Complete Material
 | Click here to request the Complete Material via WhatsApp including;
|
TABLE OF CONTENTSPRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Background …
- ⋮
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1 Introduction
- ⋮
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
- 3.1 Introduction
- ⋮
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Results
- ⋮
- 4.3 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Summary
- 5.3 Conclusion
- 5.4 Recommendation
REFERENCES
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Antimicrobial Screening of Seed and Coat of Citrus Sinensis" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
PRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Background …
- ⋮
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1 Introduction
- ⋮
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
- 3.1 Introduction
- ⋮
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Results
- ⋮
- 4.3 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Summary
- 5.3 Conclusion
- 5.4 Recommendation
REFERENCES
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Antimicrobial Screening of Seed and Coat of Citrus Sinensis" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Can this topic “The Effect of Marketing Financial Services in Deregulation Economy Banking Industry” be used for Business Administration and Management (BAM) Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — This research work titled “The Effect or Marketing Financial Services in Deregulated Nigerian Banking Industry” was carried out in Lagos state, Nigeria because of its peculiarity and consideration as the seat of banks in Nigeria. A theoretical background and literate review focusing on marketing in general, banking industry in Nigeria, financial services marketing in perspectives regulated deregulated economy and host of other relevant theories concerning the Nigerian banking industry was x-rayed. A total of 150 respondents who were mainly customers of UBA from 5 different branches were sampled through well-administered and structured questionnaires with a view to finding the effect of marketing strategy on the bank in this era of deregulation. Data were also collected from primary and secondary sources and based on …
Can the material for “Globalization Strategies Employed by Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) for the Growth and Sustainability” be used as a guide for Entrepreneurship Project?
Yes it can be used — The study was carried out to investigate the Globalization Strategies Employed by Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) for the Growth and Sustainability using Star paper mill limited Aba, Abia State as a case study. Investigation revealed that the problem facing small and medium scale business as a result of the economic downfall, there are a number of bottlenecks, including services under capitalization with difficulty in gaining access to bank credits and other financial markets. The research design used in this report is descriptive design, utilizing questionnaire method to obtain information from the respondents for this project. A total of 150 (one hundred and fifty) respondents were selected for this study to represent the entire population of the study. For null …
Can the material for “Installmental Payments Plans in Real Estate Development and Their Effects on Housing Delivery” be used as a guide for Estate Management (EM) Project?
Yes it can be used — The study scrutinizes the Installmental Payments Plans in Real Estate Development and Their Effects on Housing Delivery. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to examine the modern strategies that can be used for effective housing delivery, and examine the challenges associated with real estate development Installmental Payments Plans in Jim-Surv Estate, Sabon Lugbe East Extension Layout Lugbe, Abuja FCT. The motivation that led to this research is the problem encountered in housing delivery which is of great concern in many countries. This problem is especially prominent in Nigeria. The challenge as been magnified as a result of a myriad of issues, not least, a high population growth rate, shortage of necessary skills and disintegrated supply …
Is the topic “The Modern Computer Technology and Their Impact on Statistical Analysis” recommended for Computer Education Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — The research work is about the modern computer technology and their impact on statistical analysis. Some works have been done concerning approaches to the analysis of survey data and modern approaches to the analysis of experimental data. Previously users were often distracted form their direct needs of learning how to process their data, by the more pressing software. There was much to lean because of the varied methods that depended on the types of data.In this “new world' we hope that users will find both the statistical ideas and the analysis of their work. We hope this guide has indicated when project objectives and data might benefit form these methods despite the considerable challenge in using them unaided.On the major side …
Can the material for “Studies on the Occurrence of Beta-Lactamases in Members of the Genera Salmonella and Shigella Isolated From Various Hospitals” be used as a guide for Microbiology Project?
Yes it can be used — Salmonella and Shigella species isolated from human faecal samples were examined forBeta-lactamase production and resistance to some antibiotic agents. Age distribution of sources of resistant isolates showed thatShigella isolates from Youths (18 − 30 years) were more resistant to Ampicillin (66.67%) and Augmentin (33.33%) than isolates from Infants (6 months − 4 years) which showed percentage resistance of 3% to Ampicillin and 0% to Augmentin. Salmonella species isolated from Adults (31 − above) were more resistant to Augmentin (45%) and Ampicillin (40%), than isolates from Youths (18- 31 years) which showed percentage resistance of 40% to Ampicillin and 36.67% to Augmentin. Salmonella isolated from Infants (6 months − 4 years) showed p ercentage resistance of 28.57% to Ampicillin and 14.29% …
Can the material for “Antibiotics Susceptibility and Bioburden of Escherichia Coli Isolated from Water Samples” be used as a guide for Microbiology Project?
Yes it can be used — Escherichia coli are bacteria found in the environment, foods, and intestines of people and animals, they are large and diverse group of bacteria. Water is very essential for life. Both humans and animals need water to survive since all cellular activities take place in fluid medium. Blood, which contains 80% water, is vital in transporting oxygen to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues as well as being the life support system for the body. The study determines the Antibiotics Susceptibility and Bio-burden of Escherichia Coli Isolated from Water Samples. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to isolate and identify Escherichia coli present in water, determine the antibiotic susceptibility of the above isolated organisms, …
Can the material for “Design and Implementation of E-Authentication System using QR Code and OTP” be used as a guide for Computer Science (CS) Project?
Yes it can be used — Electronic authentication is the process of establishing confidence in user identities electronically presented to an information system. The aim of the study is to develop an E-Authentication System using QR Code and OTP. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to design to: develop anti-form grabbing technique to encode the user inputs as they are being entered, implement an authentication mechanism using One Time Password (OTP), develop a medium that make use of Email from the server for identity Verification, and develop the OTP algorithm to authenticate the user. The methodology adopted in this study is the structured system analysis and design methodology (SSADM) which is a technical approach for analyzing and designing an application or …
Can the material for “Desire and the Unknown in Breitbach’s Report on Bruno, Achebe’s a Man of the People and Morrison’s Beloved” be used as a guide for English Language Project?
Yes it can be used — This study examines the extent the conflicts in Report on Bruno, A Man of the People, and beloved can be related to Lacan’s theory of desire. It affirms that desire is fundamentally rooted in the conflicts between the characters and the Other (mother, other subjects, the law and culture or the symbolic order) because it is in the relation between the characters and the Other that desire emerges. This relation with the Other is what enables the characters to attain self-definition because it is from the Other, from the outside, that the characters gain their sense of self. Desire is crucial in Lacan’s psychoanalytic theory especially as found in his Seminar VII. For this reason, this inquiry focuses on this …
Can the material for “Problems of Personnel Management in the Civil Service” be used as a guide for Personnel Management Project?
Yes it can be used — The purpose of the study was to investigate the problem of personnel management in the Enugu state civil service commission. The study was based on the human relations theory approach of Alton Mayo. The major instrument used for the collection of data was the questionnaire, named problems of personnel management Description Questionnaire (PPMDQ). Constructed by the research other tools used were oral interviews and casual observation. With the aid of these instruments, the researcher was able to collect a comprehensive data for the project. The statistical method employed in the analysis of the data were percentages and frequency distribution. The major findings of the Enugu State civil service commission to improve on the personnel management of the civil service commission …
Can the material for “Managing Human Resources in Public Service” be used as a guide for Public Administration (PA) Project?
Yes it can be used — This research examined Managing Human Resources in Public Service in Lagos State with special reference to Lagos State Water Corporation. The research adopted survey research design. Data were gathered through primary source with the aid of a well-structured questionnaire. Simple random sampling technique was adopted in the selection of sample, this was used to eliminate biasness in the selection process of the respondents. Data garnered were presented on table using percentage and the formulated hypotheses were analysed with the used of Chi-square statistical method. The result of the analysis shows that good welfare package will change the attitude of workers in the civil services to perform efficiently and effectively. Also, education and training have significant effect on the development of workers …