ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF GINGER EXTRACT AGAINST FUNGI PATHOGEN

ABSTRACT

The study was carried out to identify and determine the antifungal activity of ginger extract against some fungi pathogen. The diseases which are born by food are gradually becoming a dangerous risk to public health. Ginger is a medicinal plant that has been widely used all over the world, since antiquity, for a wide array of unrelated ailments including arthritis, rheumatism, sprains, sore throats, muscular aches, pains, constipation, vomiting, hypertension, indigestion, fever and infectious disease. The study reveals the following problems associated with the antifungal activity of ginger extract against some fungi pathogen; lack proper investigation of the inhibition of pathogenic Fungi in ginger oil extract, inadequate information relating to the anti-fungal adverse effect of the ginger oil extract, and lack of proper and precise information relating to the pathogenic fungi used, and Preparation of ginger oil. The aim of this study is to identify and determine the antifungal activity of ginger extract against some fungi pathogen. Therefore, the objectives of this research were; to investigate the antifungal properties of two of such spices Ginger, to investigate the inhibition of pathogenic Fungi in ginger oil extract, and provide proper and precise information relating to the pathogenic fungi used, and Preparation of ginger oil. This research work when completed and implemented it will help in the estimation of the inhibition of pathogenic Fungi in ginger oil extract and proper and precise provision of information relating to the pathogenic fungi used, and Preparation of ginger oil, which will be beneficial to lab scientist, and food technologist. Besides, the study will serve as reference material for subsequent researcher in the field or related topics.

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc) is a monocotyledonous, herbaceous, tropical plant belonging to the family Zingiberaceae. It’s a perennial plant usually grown as an annual crop. The crop is native to southern Asia mainly in India and china from where it spread to most tropical and subtropical countries (Vasala, 2012). As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Limitations of the Study and Definition of technical terms.

1.2 Background of Study

The diseases which are born by food are gradually becoming a dangerous risk to public health. People become infected with microbes or intoxicated with enterotoxins produced from microbes. Proper control of microbes and effective sanitation will help to reduce the rate at which people become sick from eating the food (Ortiz, 2015). Medicinal plants may be defined as any plant that can be put to culinary or medicinal use and include those we associate with orthodox drugs such as fox glove and opium poppy, as well as every day plants such as garlic. All the drugs from the past were substances with a particular therapeutic action extracted from plants. The use of herbs and medicinal plants as the first medicine is a universal phenomenon (Onyeagba et al., 2006). The increased usage of antibiotics has induced micro organism to acquire resistance factor which have become burning predicament (Abimbola et al.1993) as a result there is an urgent need to find the alternative of chemotherapeutic drugs in disease treatment particularly those of plants origin which are easily available and have less side effects (Khulbe and Sati, 2009). Spices in general show both antifungal and antioxidant characteristics, inhibiting the growth of bacteria and other pathogenic microbes.

The antifungal activity of spices is due to specific phytochemicals or essential oils. The main factors that determine the antifungal activity are the type and composition of the spice, amount used, type of microorganism, composition of the food, ph value and temperature of the environment. Ginger is a medicinal plant that has been widely used all over the world, since antiquity, for a wide array of unrelated ailments including arthritis, rheumatism, sprains, sore throats, muscular aches, pains, constipation, vomiting, hypertension, indigestion, fever and infectious disease(Ali et al.,2008). In human, ginger is thought to act directly on the gastrointestinal system to reduce nausea. Ginger has direct antifungal activity and thus can be used in treatment of bacterial infections (Tan and Vanitha 2004). It's antibacterial power is effective against preventing numerous intestinal problems that take place as a result of the alteration of the intestinal flora. This is ideal to avoid the formation of ulcers by eliminating the Helicobacter pyloria bacterium whose secretions of ammonia are responsible for many ulcers, especially those of the duodenum, and other gastric problem. It also neutralize the Gastric acid.

The main antifungal agent is Ginger oil is a naturally occurring Phenol which disrupts the cell wall of bacteria causing cytoplasmic leakage. Ginger has the capacity to eliminate harmful bacteria such as E.coli, responsible for most of the diarrhoea, especially in children. Bacillus cercus which mainly cause Diarrohea, Nausea, gingercauses impact on the growth of this bacteria. It has been shown to reduce the stickiness of blood platelets, hence may help to reduce risk of artherosclerosis.

Therefore keeping in view the significance of Ginger the present work was carried out to study antifungal effects of these spices against food borne pathogenic bacteria.

1.3 Statement of Problems

The study reveals the following problems associated with the antifungal activity of ginger extract against some fungi pathogen;

Lack proper investigation of the inhibition of pathogenic Fungi in ginger oil extract,
Inadequate information relating to the anti-fungal adverse effect of the ginger oil extract,
Lack of proper and precise information relating to the pathogenic fungi used, and Preparation of ginger oil.

1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study

The aim of the study is to identify and determine the antifungal activity of ginger extract against some fungi pathogen. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:

To investigate the antifungal properties of two of such spices Ginger;
To investigate the inhibition of pathogenic Fungi in ginger oil extract;
Provision of information relating to the anti-fungal adverse effect of the ginger oil extract; and
To provide proper and precise information relating to the pathogenic fungi used, and Preparation of ginger oil.

1.5 Significance of Study

This research work when completed and implemented it will help in the estimation of the inhibition of pathogenic Fungi in ginger oil extract and proper and precise provision of information relating to the pathogenic fungi used, and Preparation of ginger oil, which will be beneficial to lab scientist, and food technologist.

This study will be of immense benefit to other researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.

1.6 Scope of Study

The scope of the research is focused on the antifungal activity of ginger extract against some fungi pathogen.

1.7 Limitations of the Study

During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:

Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
Research material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
Frequent power failure: This made the researcher append more money on fuel to ensure sustainable power.
Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet).

1.8 Definition of Technical Terms

Ginger: Ginger is a flowering plant that originated in Southeast Asia. It's among the healthiest (and most delicious) spices on the planet. It belongs to the Zingiberaceae family, and it's closely related to turmeric, cardamom, and galangal.

Oil: Oil is the remains of ancient plants and animals, compressed deep in the earth into liquid strings of hydrogen and carbon.

Activity: An activity is a phase, task, operation or other component within an activity group. Activities provide a framework for establishing and collecting budgets, costs, revenues and statistical information.

…

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PRELIMINARY PAGES

Title page
Approval page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Table of Contents
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Background …
⋮
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
⋮
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Introduction
⋮
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Results
⋮
4.3 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Summary
5.3 Conclusion
5.4 Recommendation
REFERENCES

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