ANTIBACTERIAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF COCONUT HUSK
ABSTRACT
Coconut husks are the rough exterior shells of the coconut. While the husks are not used for food, like the meat and liquid found within the exterior shell, the husk can be used in several ways, including creating enriched potting soil and as chips that can be used to provide ground cover for flower beds. The study evaluated the Antibacterial and Phytochemical Properties of Methanolic Extract of Coconut Husk. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to screen the phytochemical Properties of Methanolic Extract of Coconut Husk and compare the inhibition produced by coconut husk methanolic extract in different concentration. As the beneficial effects of this plant material, with respect to antimicrobial properties against common cariogenic bacteria, are not scientifically proven, the present study was conducted. The husk of coconut was collected and Methanolic extract was prepared and antimicrobial properties against common oral pathogens like Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus mitis, and Lactobacillus acidophilus were performed by agar well diffusion method. The values obtained were then subjected to statistical analysis using one way ANOVA and Tukey HSD. Methanolic extract of coconut husk showed a concentration-dependent antimicrobial activity against different tested organisms with zone of inhibition ranging from 4.44 to 15.33 mms. However, the efficacy was less in comparison to chlorhexidine. Inhibitory action against cariogenic bacteria exhibited by Methanolic extract of coconut husk indicate presence of highly effective active compounds in these extracts, which can be identified and incorporated into modern oral care systems for controlling dental caries.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
Coconut husks are the rough exterior shells of the coconut. While the husks are not used for food, like the meat and liquid found within the exterior shell, the husk can be used in several ways, including creating enriched potting soil and as chips that can be used to provide ground cover for flower beds. It is possible to purchase mass produced husk products or create the products at home using the shells of fresh coconuts. The process employed to husk a coconut at home is relatively straightforward. All that is required is a fresh coconut and a long stick sharpened to a point at one end. The opposite end of the stick must be firmly planted into the ground, with the sharpened end pointing straight up. This creates the basic framework for removing the husk (Delightedcooking, 2022).
As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Research hypothesis and questions, Limitations of the Study and Definition of technical terms.
1.2 Background of Study
Coconut husk has high amount of lignin and cellulose, and that is why it has a high calorific value of 18.62MJ/kg. The chemical composition of coconut husks consists of cellulose, lignin, pyroligneous acid, gas, charcoal, tar, tannin, and potassium. The predominant use of coconut husks is in direct combustion in order to make charcoal, otherwise husks are simply thrown away. Coconut husk can be transformed into a value-added fuel source which can replace wood and other traditional fuel sources. In terms of the availability and costs of coconut husks, they have good potential for use in power plants (Bioenergyconsult, 2022).
Coconut (Cocos nucifera) is a monocotyledon belonging to the Arecqceae Family and the order Arecales (Konan et al., 2008). It is referred to as the “Tree of Life” because of its many uses. Cocos nucifera is a fruit tree found in warm, humid climates with well drained soils. Coconut oil is made from fresh coconuts. The oil retains its naturally occurring photochemical which produce a distinctive coconut taste and smell since chemical solvents are not used (Konan et al., 2008). Coconut oil contains potential medium chain fatty acids (lauric acid, capric acid, caprylic and myristic acid) which have an inhibitory effect against bacterial, edible coconut oil exhibit antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi; Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas spp, Streptococcus spp, Candida albicans, Aspergillus spp, etc (Obidoa et al., 2010).
The coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is tropical plants which belong to the order Arecales and family Arecaceae. It is widely grown in about 90 tropical regions of the world (Peggy, 2007). Every part can be utilized roots, husk, leaves and fruit. The cavity of the endosperm contains watery fluid called coconut water which begin to form around two months after the natural opening of the inflorescence (Janick and Pull, 2008). It is rich in vitamins, amino acids, minerals and sugar (George, 2001). The coconut water is isotonic in nature. It's biologically pure with pleasant sweet taste which is of immense health benefits to human (Adams and Bratt, 2000).
The coconut is a functional food because it provides health benefits beyond its nutritional content (Ross, 2000). Coconut oil consists of a mixture of triglycerides containing only short and medium chain saturated fatty acid (92%) and unsaturated fatty acid (8%) (Reynolds, 1982). Approximately 50% of the fatty acid in coconut fat is lauric acid (Enig et al., 1999). Lauric acid is a medium chain fatty acid that is broken down into monolaurin in the human body.
Therefore, in Nigeria where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to know the Antibacterial and Phytochemical Properties of Methanolic Extract of Coconut Husk.
1.3 Statement of Problems
Investigation reveals that People from many diverse cultures, languages, religions and races scattered around the globe have revered the coconut as a valuable source of both food and medicine wherever the coconut palm grows, the people have learned of its importance as an effective medicine. In traditional medicine around the world, the coconut is used to treat a wide variety of health problems. Coconut water is LIKELY SAFE for most adults when consumed as a drink. It might cause fullness or stomach upset in some people. But this is uncommon. In large amounts, coconut water might cause potassium levels in the blood to become too high. This might lead to kidney problems and irregular heartbeat (Webmd, 2021).
1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
The aim of the study is to evaluate the Antibacterial and Phytochemical Properties of Methanolic Extract of Coconut Husk. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:
- To screen the phytochemical Properties of Methanolic Extract of Coconut Husk
- To provide information that will educate the consumers on the immense health benefits of the coconut extract.
- To carry out an antibacterial screening on Methanolic Extract of Coconut Husk
- To compare the inhibition produced by coconut husk methanolic extract in different concentration
1.5 Significance of Study
This study will be of immense benefit to other researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.
1.6 Scope of Study
The study focuses on the Antibacterial and Phytochemical Properties of Methanolic Extract of Coconut Husk.
1.7 Limitations of the Study
During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:
- Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
- Research material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
- Frequent power failure: This made the researcher append more money on fuel to ensure sustainable power.
- Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet).
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
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TABLE OF CONTENTSPRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Background of Study
- 1.3 Statement of Problems
- 1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
- 1.5 Significance of Study
- 1.6 Scope of Study
- 1.7 Limitations of the Study
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Conceptual Review of Coconut Husk
- 2.2.1 Nutritional Value of Coconut
- 2.3 Overview of Coconut Tree
- 2.4 Historical Review
- 2.5 Health Benefits of Coconut
- 2.6 Theoretical Review
- 2.6.1 Brief Description of Coconut Oil
- 2.6.2 Overview of Coconut Husk
- 2.6.3 Uses of Coconut Husks
- 2.7 Health Benefits of Coconut Oil
- 2.8 Composition of Coconut Oil
- 2.9 The Solid Nature of Coconut Oil
- 2.10 Effect of Coconut Oil on Selected Part of the Body
MATERIALS AND METHODS
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Collection of Samples
- 3.3 Preparation of Samples
- 3.4 Antimicrobial Analysis
- 3.4.1 Organisms Test
- 3.5 Anti-bacterial Screening
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Results
- 4.3 Discussion of Findings
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Summary
- 5.3 Conclusion
- 5.4 Recommendation
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A - “LIST OF FIGURES”
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Antibacterial and Phytochemical Properties of Methanolic Extract of Coconut Husk" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
PRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Background of Study
- 1.3 Statement of Problems
- 1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
- 1.5 Significance of Study
- 1.6 Scope of Study
- 1.7 Limitations of the Study
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Conceptual Review of Coconut Husk
- 2.2.1 Nutritional Value of Coconut
- 2.3 Overview of Coconut Tree
- 2.4 Historical Review
- 2.5 Health Benefits of Coconut
- 2.6 Theoretical Review
- 2.6.1 Brief Description of Coconut Oil
- 2.6.2 Overview of Coconut Husk
- 2.6.3 Uses of Coconut Husks
- 2.7 Health Benefits of Coconut Oil
- 2.8 Composition of Coconut Oil
- 2.9 The Solid Nature of Coconut Oil
- 2.10 Effect of Coconut Oil on Selected Part of the Body
MATERIALS AND METHODS
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Collection of Samples
- 3.3 Preparation of Samples
- 3.4 Antimicrobial Analysis
- 3.4.1 Organisms Test
- 3.5 Anti-bacterial Screening
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Results
- 4.3 Discussion of Findings
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Summary
- 5.3 Conclusion
- 5.4 Recommendation
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A - “LIST OF FIGURES”
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "Antibacterial and Phytochemical Properties of Methanolic Extract of Coconut Husk" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
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