ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN BREWERY INDUSTRY

1.1 Introduction

Industrial waste management is achievable only when socio-economic factors are integrated into solid waste management studies. As solid waste management is a critical aspect of environmental hygiene, it needs to be incorporated into environmental planning (Iwuala, 2012). Hazardous wastes as defined are wastes (solid, liquid or sludge) other than radioactive waste which, is defined by of their chemical activity or toxic, explosive, corrosive, or other characteristics that has potential risks for human health and environment (Duan et al., 2009). One of the greatest hazards of man today is poor sanitary condition of his environment, which is being caused by his daily activities, such as waste generation, increase in population and attendant increase in agricultural, industrial and commercial activities.

As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Research hypothesis and questions, Limitations of the Study and Definition of technical terms.

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1.2 Background of Study

Industrial Waste Management comprises all the waste arising from the human and animal activities that area normally solid, discarded as useless or unwanted (Asomani et al., 2008). It also includes by production of process, lines or material that may be required by law to be disposed. Solid waste can be classified on the basis of resources, environmental, risk, utility and physical property (Buckle and Smith 2000). On the basis of resource, solid waste can also be classified as municipal solid waste, industrial solid waste and agricultural solid waste (Burkart, 2010).

Most solid waste dumps are usually invaded by scavenging animals which scatter the wastes to make them breeding grounds for disease vector such as rats and flies. Besides direct contamination of water bodies by these wastes, leachartes from decomposing and purifying solid wastes percolate into soil and nearby water sources which could cause disease to humans when consumed. This is particularly the case of un-collected solid wastes which find their way either back to the neighborhoods or into open river channels which become blocked, thus creating favorable breeding grounds for mosquitoes and in some cases block drainage ways, causing floods.

For solid wastes to be effectively managed to ensure the acceptable level of environmental quality required for sustainable growth and development in the urban settings, developing or applying accurate methods of estimating the amount of waste generated and disposed constitute a fertile area of research. Such methods require accurate information on the types and quantities of solid wastes management, generated by households the socio economic profiles of the industrial waste management systems and mechanisms used by the management and the waste disposal strategies.

As a result of the rapid industrial development at the global level, environment was subjected to hazard and crises in the past decade. Pressures arising crisis in industrialized countries led to establish of more rigid regulation and environmental standards enforcement, unfortunately, this practice, in most developing countries, have not in the actual status yet (el-Fadel et al., 2001; Casares et al., 2005). As a part of industrial activities, industrial wastes have been problematic, however, comprehensive management is considered in order to minimize their risks.

Waste management which was relatively bearable in some urban area like Benin City, Enugu, Lagos, Onitsha, Port-Harcourt etc. has become impossible now especially with the growing of urbanization. Rural-urban migration and sitting of building and other infrastructure in areas designated as solid waste disposal points. Furthermore, the proliferation of public and private school, hospitals and eating houses generate more than 95% of the refuse within the urban centre problem with the disposal of solid waste in those urban areas could be eras to the late 70 when rural poverty increased which cause high rural-urban migration. In the absence of a regular and efficient solid waste collection system, waste is dump in open spaces in access roads and along water courses, which constitute health hazards. In most parts of urban areas, there are no public facilities for disposing refuse within reasonable distance.

Therefore, in Nigeria where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to analyze the Industrial Waste Management Practices in Brewery Industry.

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1.3 Statement of Problems

Investigation revealed that industrial waste generation increases due to increase in population and domestic activities. The cost of maintaining the environmental quality also increases as government now have much more wastes to dispose. This problem also causes some health related problems due to the incidence of improper waste management practices such as cholera, typhoid, malaria and diarrhea for solid wastes to be effectively managed to incur the acceptable level of environment in the urban settings developing or applying accurate methods of estimating the amounts of waste generated and disposed constitute a fertile area of research. Such methods require accurate information on the types and quantities of solid waste generated by Industrial waste management systems mechanisms used by the Industrial and the knowledge, the information required for proper Industrial waste generation, management and disposal in the area under study.

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1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study

The aim of the study is to analyze the industrial waste management practices in brewery industry using consolidated breweries in Edo State as a case study. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:

1. To examine the quantities of each types of waste are generated by the Brewery Industry in the area under study;
2. To identify the management practices being adopted by Industrial in the area under study;
3. To examine the hazards of solid waste to the in habitats and environment of the area under study;
4. To identify the types of waste generated in the area under study; and
5. To recommend appropriate measure to curb indiscrimination dumping of solid waste in the area under study.

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1.5 Research Questions

The study came up with research questions so as to be able to ascertain the above stated objectives. The specific research questions for the study are stated below as follows:

• Are there measures recommended towards curbing indiscrimination dumping of solid waste in the area under study?
• What is the management practices being adopted by Industrial in the area under study?
• What are the hazards of solid waste to the in habitats and environment of the area under study?
• What are the types of waste generated in the area under study?
• What are the quantities of each types of waste are generated by the Brewery Industry in the area under study?

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1.6 Research Hypothesis

In order to pursue the objective of this study, the following generalized statements have been designed to guide and aids in obtaining the result for the experiment to be conducted. For this work, the null hypothesis will be represented with H0 while the alternative hypothesis will be represented with hypothesis H1.

Hypothesis One

• H0: There is no statistically significant relationship between waste disposal and industrial waste management in Brewery Industry
• H1: There is a statistically significant relationship between waste disposal and industrial waste management in Brewery Industry

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1.7 Significance of Study

Academic Significance: The researcher while embarking on this research work has so many people in mind; they include the student, lecturers as well as all education institution. This research would add to their knowledge. It would also act as a catalyst for debates on the effects of solid waste disposal and this will facilitate further research on the topic, thereby unraveling the reason behind the indiscriminate disposal of solid waste in Nigeria.

This work will serve as a guide and reference material to the up-coming researchers both in the field of urban and regional planning and in other related fields. It would be an additional block placed on-going constitution of the building of knowledge.

Practical Significant: This work is not confirmed solely to the students within their academic environment. It would enable the individual members of the society to become increasingly conscientizen on the impending danger of indiscriminate disposal of solid waste in the area of Oka Community and Nigeria at large.

Policy makers and implementers will benefit immensely from this study especially from its finding and recommendations. It would help stimulating indiscriminate disposal of solid waste.

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1.8 Scope of Study

The scope of this research is focused on the analysis of industrial waste management practices in brewery industry using consolidated breweries in Benin City of Edo State as a case study.

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1.9 Limitations of the Study

During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:

1. Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
2. Research material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
3. Frequent power failure: This made the researcher append more money on fuel to ensure sustainable power.
4. Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).

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1.10 Definition of Terms

Waste Prevention: It is the method of eliminating waste at source and reducing the demand on natural or origin resources.

Waste Re-Use: It is the method of using a waste product from one process as a raw material to form another.

Waste Recycles: This is the method of breaking down the waste items into raw material.

Hazardous Wastes: These are wastes that pose substantial or potential threats to public health or environments