AN ASSESSMENT OF PERFORMANCE OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN TECHNOLOGICAL AND NON-TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
1.1 Background Of The Study
The phenomenon of business ownership in Nigeria dates back to pre and post-colonial era and involved commercial activities such as wholesale and retail trading of which women were predominant. There were also enterprises such as weaving, fishing, food processing, agricultural production, fashion design, etc. which were much more predominant with the women . Nigeria enjoyed a phenomenal economic growth during the oil boom period of 1973-1980, with per capita GDP rising from N25, 740,000 in 1971 to N128, 700,000 in 1980. Yusuf and Schindehutte, (2000). In this period, despite the dramatic rise in oil revenues, misdirected government policies left the country’s economy vulnerable. Public investment was often focusing on costly prestigious and inappropriate infrastructure projects with questionable rates of return. The government also failed to strengthen public finance and pursued expansionary financial policies which created significant inflationary pressures. Inward looking industrial policies also bred a non-competitive manufacturing sector.
The agricultural sector was completely neglected as the real effective exchange rate increased due to rising oil prices. The competitiveness of virtually all non-oil sectors of the economy was eroded. With sustained economic declination, individuals as well as government increasingly set up and encourage entrepreneurship to leverage and possibly eradicate the economic depression. As more Nigerians fail to get employment in the formal and informal sectors, the need to own a business became more attractive and competitive especially for women who do not have as much Opportunity as their male counterparts. There were also associated problems such as difficulty in getting finance, legal requirements, technology, education and skill acquisition, trade unions activities amongst others. These constraints were exacerbated by survival possibility much of which literature, Dickson, (2003); Sarasvathy and Menon,(2002); Engelbrecht, (1996); Loscocco (1991); Micheal, (2004) attributed to depend on entrepreneurial motivation, individual ingenuity, and access to finance among others. The Nigerian industrial sector is dominated by micro and small-scale enterprises, which constitute 65.5% of industrial establishments. Medium scale enterprises constitute 32% while large-scale enterprises make up only about 2.5% of the industrial establishments, UNIDO, (2001). In Asaba of Nigeria, both formal and informal economic activities are common. Large numbers of women work in the informal sector but their contribution to value added is not included in national accounts Soetan, (1995). There are a variety of constraints on women and the ability of women to upgrade their production continuously. These include poor access to market information, technology, finance; poor linkages with support services; and unfavorable policy and regulatory environment, De Groot, (2001). These constraints are aggravated by the need to compete in an aggressive business environment with rapid technological changes, globalization of production, trade and financial flows. Concerted efforts are needed to enable women to make better economic choices and to transform their businesses into competitive enterprises, generating income and employment through improved production. As women increasingly start their own businesses, it is important to develop an understanding of the women business founders and what motivates them to start their businesses. Political and economic opportunities for women still remain limited. A number of women in career planning are discouraged from following their dreams because their career choice does not fit in with traditional gender roles. Men are discouraged from careers in nursing, social work, and teaching while women are discouraged from careers in technology, science, and security. Men who are interested in “feminine” jobs are teased about their sexuality and women who are interested in “male” jobs are questioned as to whether they have the brains or stamina to perform (Hansen, 2001).
Informal economic activities in Nigeria encompass a wide range of small-scale, largely self-employment activities. Most of them are traditional occupations and methods of production. Of particular interest to this study is the informal productive sub-sector which encompasses all economic activities involving the production of tangible goods. They include agricultural production, small-scale manufacturing, building and construction, food production, woodwork, furniture making, garment making, welding and iron works, among others. Ekpo and Umoh, (2000). These categories are classed ‘technological entrepreneurs’. Non-Technological entrepreneurship has among its grouping, the informal retail and service sub-sector. Like other entrepreneurs these category of entrepreneurs appear to have an entrepreneurial social background; their parents more often are also entrepreneurs. But different from other entrepreneurs they start on their own and do not take over their parents companies, Engelbrecht et al., (1996). In Nigeria this sub-sector includes education services, health services, counseling services, retail trade, transport, restaurant, hospitality, financial outfits and household or other personal services (Soetan, 1995). Activities in this sub-sector in Nigeria contribute substantially to the general growth of the economy and personal or household income (Central Bank of Nigeria, 2004).
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
Procedure for Downloading the PDF (Docx) Material
An Assessment of Performance of Women Entrepreneurs in Technological and Non-Technological Development can be downloaded by requesting the full set of materials at the project or seminar cost. The document will be sent via Microsoft Word (MS-Word) format via WhatsApp (e-mail) following payment confirmation.
| Seminar Material Cost ₦3,000 | Project Material Cost ₦5,000 |
Request Complete Material
 | Click here to request the Complete Material via WhatsApp including;
|
TABLE OF CONTENTSPRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 Background …
- ⋮
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Conceptual Review
- 2.3 Theoretical Framework
- ⋮
- 2.4 Empirical Studies
- 2.5 Research Gaps
- 2.6 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Research Design
- 3.3 Population of Study
- 3.4 Sampling and Sampling Technique
- 3.5 Validation of Research Instrument
- 3.6 Method of Data Collection
- 3.7 Method of Data Analysis
- 3.8 Questionnaire Administration
- 3.9 Ethical Consideration
- 3.10 Statistical Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS, RESULT AND DISCUSSION
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Presentation and Analysis of Data
- 4.3 Re-statement of Research Questions
- 4.4 Test of Hypotheses
- 4.5 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Summary of Findings
- 5.3 Conclusion
- 5.4 Recommendation
- 5.5 Suggestion for Further Study
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A - “QUESTIONNAIRE”
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "An Assessment of Performance of Women Entrepreneurs in Technological and Non-Technological Development" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
PRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 Background …
- ⋮
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Conceptual Review
- 2.3 Theoretical Framework
- ⋮
- 2.4 Empirical Studies
- 2.5 Research Gaps
- 2.6 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Research Design
- 3.3 Population of Study
- 3.4 Sampling and Sampling Technique
- 3.5 Validation of Research Instrument
- 3.6 Method of Data Collection
- 3.7 Method of Data Analysis
- 3.8 Questionnaire Administration
- 3.9 Ethical Consideration
- 3.10 Statistical Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS, RESULT AND DISCUSSION
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Presentation and Analysis of Data
- 4.3 Re-statement of Research Questions
- 4.4 Test of Hypotheses
- 4.5 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Summary of Findings
- 5.3 Conclusion
- 5.4 Recommendation
- 5.5 Suggestion for Further Study
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A - “QUESTIONNAIRE”
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "An Assessment of Performance of Women Entrepreneurs in Technological and Non-Technological Development" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Is the topic “Design and Simulation of a Personnel Computer Temperature Control System” recommended for Computer Science (CS) Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — Temperature determines the survival of all natural creatures and as well the operational fitness of all scientific invention, it is quite important to every aspect of human endeavor and its control is as important as the temperature itself. This research work centers its study on temperature and its control with a view of designing and implementing a reliable computerized system that will automatically contribute in temperature control. The new system will be able to automatically detect temperature within a particular environment at a particular time and be able to give the desired output concerning the aim of its development. The new system pivots its temperature on room temperature, controlling the regulation of the room air conditioning system for good up- keep of …
Is the topic “Teacher Preparation, Professional Development and Students’ Academic Performance in Some Selected Secondary Schools in Educational District” recommended for Education Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — The study attempted to examine the relationship between teacher preparation, professional development and students’ academic performance in selected secondary schools in Ikeja Local Government Area of Lagos State. In the study, relevant and related literature was reviewed under sub headings. The descriptive research survey design was applied in the assessment of the respondents’ opinions, with the use of the questionnaire and the sampling technique. In this study, two hundred respondents were selected randomly through the application of the stratified random selection method to represent the entire population of the study. Five null hypotheses were formulated and tested with the use of the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient tool at 0.05 level of significance. Results indicate that: a significant relationship exists …
Can the material for “The Impact of Taxation on Government Capital Expenditure and Economic Growth in Nigeria” be used as a guide for Economics Project?
Yes it can be used — This study was carried out on the impact of taxation on government capital expenditure in Nigeria. It specifically evaluated the significant effect of companies’ income tax on government capital expenditure in Nigeria; the level of significance of petroleum profit tax on government capital expenditure in Nigeria; the significant impact of value added tax on government capital expenditure in Nigeria; and the long run relationship between tax revenue and government capital expenditure in Nigeria. The study used relevant secondary data that span from 2009 to 2018 extracted from series of published central bank statistical bulletins. Public finance analysis model (CAPEX= f (CIT, PPT, VAT)) was formulated and was tested with the use of descriptive analysis in the form of minimum and maximum …
Can the material for “The Influence of Inflation on Economic Development in Nigeria” be used as a guide for Economics Education Project?
Yes it can be used — Inflation is the continuous increase in price level that can lead to low productivity of the population is low the economy will not grow as it should. Money is a medium of exchange for goods and services and the strength and stability of the purchasing power of money can be affected by inflation which influences the ability of individuals to acquire goods and services. The study was carried out to investigate the Influence of Inflation on Economic Development in Nigeria. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to examine the effect of inflation on the economic growth of Nigeria, investigate the relationship between inflation and economic growth and in Nigeria. The research design used in this …
Can the material for “Frauds and Forgeries in the Nigerian Banking Industry” be used as a guide for Banking and Finance (BF) Project?
Yes it can be used — This study examines the impact of frauds and forgeries on the banking industry in Nigeria. One of the major characteristics a bank must possess is that its customers must be able to have unflinching and undoubted confidence in the banking the banking system, but due to the act of fraud and forgeries, this confidence has been reduced to the barest level, this does not affect the banking sector alone, but the long-term effect in on economy as good banking system helps to promote economic development. The primary source of data collection was used for this study. The simple random sampling was used to select 50 firms which serve as the sample size of the study. The chi-square statistical tool was …
Is the topic “Role of Tertiary Institutions in Promoting Entrepreneurship Education in Nigeria” recommended for Education Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — The study was carried out to examine the Role of Tertiary Institutions in Promoting Entrepreneurship Education in Nigeria. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to ascertain the rate of entrepreneurship Education in Nigeria institutions, student attitude to entrepreneurship and measures put in place to promote its teaching and determine the roles played by institutions in promoting entrepreneurship. Investigation revealed that education is one of the critical factors that distinguish entrepreneurs from non-entrepreneurs. The school and the educational system play a vital role in predicting and developing entrepreneurial traits. The schools curricula should focus on the anatomy and independence, innovation and creativity as well as risk taking, the pedagogical approach should encourage students to make decisions …
Can the material for “Problem Encountered by Married Female Secretaries in Imo State Ministries” be used as a guide for Office Technology and Management (OTM) Project?
Yes it can be used — The study was carried out to determine the Problem Encountered by Married Female Secretaries in Ministries in Imo State. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to find out whether the secretarial function of married female secretarial staff in selected business in Owerri Metropolis pose a problem to them, determine the factors responsible for these challenges and determine whether their human relation competencies are affected by marital obligation in selected business in Owerri Metropolis. The research design used in this report is descriptive design, utilizing questionnaire method to obtain information from the respondents for this project. A total of 150 (one hundred and fifty) respondents were selected for this study to represent the entire population of …
Can the material for “Knowledge and Awareness of the Effects of Air Pollution on the Health of Motorcycle Riders” be used as a guide for Environmental Science Project?
Yes it can be used — This study examined the knowledge and awareness of effect of air pollution on the health of motorcycle riders in coker/aguda local council development area. The sample consisted of 110 motorcycle riders in Coker/Aguda Local Council Development Area of Lagos State. Variables studied are knowledge and awareness of the effect of air pollution on health. Knowledge and awareness of effect of air pollution on their health were assessed through a 20 item self developed questionnaire. Data was analyzed using simple percentage. Results from the findings show that the motorcycle riders in Coker/Aguda Local Council Development Area are knowledgeable and aware of the effect of air pollution on their health. The study recommended that seminar should be organized periodically to educate motorcycle riders …
Is the topic “Assessment of the Impact of Manufacturing Sector on Economic Growth in Nigeria (1980-2015)” recommended for Economics Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — The importance of manufacturing sector to the growth of any economy and survival cannot be overemphasized. In an attempt to advance on this, this study attempts to investigate the assessment of the impact of manufacturing sector on economic growth in Nigeria from 1980 − 2015, Ordinary Least Square (OLS) econometric technique was used on time series data of relevant variables of manufacturing Output, investment and capacity utilization; The study found that manufacturing output, investment and capacity utilization has a significant relationship with the economy. Meaning that manufacturing output, investment and capacity utilization exerts impact on economic growth via manufacturing sector of the economy. The study recommends that efforts should be geared toward strengthening the macroeconomic, socio-infrastructural and institutional environment of the …
Can this topic “Implementation of Sorting Algorithms” be used for Computer Science (CS) Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — This research work took theoretical and empirical studies that have been done over the past years on sorting algorithms and its variants. The study includes a comparative sorting algorithms (i.e. Bubble sort, shell sort, straight insertion sort quick sort, simple sort etc.) the same criteria such as coding memory space used meaning efficiency as in the time used by the computer argument on the number of comparison. Data flow diagrams and process to evaluate the performance of these sorting techniques. The programming language used to implement these sorting algorithms is BASIC. The various chapter in this research work is logically arranged to reflect in each stage in the research process, the adopting chapters ranges from introduction literature review, systems investigation/analysis, system …