AN ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTS OF PROCESSING METHODS ON THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SORGHUM AND SWEET POTATO
ABSTRACT
This study evaluated “the effects of processing methods on the physicochemical properties of sweet potato and sorghum flour”. Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is an important food crop in the tropical and sub-tropical countries and belongs to the family convolvulaceae. Sweet potatoes are rich in dietary fiber, minerals, vitamins, and antioxidants such as phenolic acids, anthocyanins, tocopherol and β-carotene. The proximate composition of sweet potato was determined and these include moisture, lipids, ash, protein, carbohydrates and fiber. In carrying out the analysis practically, methods used vary according to the food material. The antioxidants were also determined alongside with phenol oxidase, pasting properties, minerals and sweet potato contents. Sorghum is a tropical plant belonging to the family of poaceae. More than 35% of sorghum is grown for human consumption. The analyses carried out in sweet potatoes are same with sorghum with the exclusion of phenol oxidase.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background of Study
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is an important food crop in the tropical and sub tropical countries and belongs to the family convolvulaceae. It is cultivated in more than 100 countries. ( Woolfe, 1992). Nigeria is the third largest producer in the world with china leading, followed by Uganda. Sweet potato ranks seventh among the world food crops, third in value of production and fifth in caloric contribution to human diet (Bouwkamp, 1985). Sweet potatoes are rich in dietary fibre, minerals, vitamins and anti oxidants such as phenolic acids, anthocyanins, tocopherol and ß- carotene. Besides acting as anti oxidants, carotenoids and phenolic compounds also provide sweet potatoes with their distinctive flesh colours ( cream, deep yellow, orange and purple). Sweet potato blends with rice, cowpea and plantain in nigerian diets. It is also becoming popular as a substitute to yam and garri. It can be reconstituted into fofoo or blended with other carbohydrate flour sources such as wheat ( Triticum aestivum) and cassava ( Manihot esculenta) for baking bread, biscuits and other confectioneries (Woolfe, 1992).
The leaves are rich in protein and the orange flesh varieties contain high beta carotene and are very important in combating vitamin A deficiency especially in children.
Sorghum (sorghum bicolor (S. bicolor) is a tropical plant belonging to the family of poaceae, is one of the most important crops in Africa, Asia and Latin America. More than 35% of sorghum is grown directly for human consumption. The rest is used primarily for animal feed, alcohol production and industrial products ( FAO, 1995). The current annual production of 60 million tons is increasing due to the introduction of improved varieties and breeding conditions. Several improved sorghum varieties adapted to semi-arid tropic environments are released every year by sorghum breeders. Selection of varieties meeting specific local food and industrial requirements from this great biodiversity is of high importance for food security. In developing countries in general and particularly in West Africa demand for sorghum is increasing. This is due to not only the growing population but also to the countries policy to enhance its processing and industrial utilization.
More than 7000 sorghum varieties have been identified, therefore there is a need of their further characterization to the molecular level with respect to food quality. The acquisition of good quality grain is fundamental to produce acceptable food products from sorghum. Sorghum while playing a crucial role in food security in Africa, it is also a source of income of household . In West Africa, ungerminated sorghum grains are generally used for the preparation of "to", porridge and couscous. Malted sorghum is used in the process of local beer "dolo" (reddish, cloudy or opaque), infant porridge and non fermented beverages. Sorghum grains like all cereals are comprised primarily of starch.
1.2 Statement Of Problem
The sweet potato or sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) is a dicotyledonous plant that belongs to the bindweed or morning glory family, Convolvulaceae. Its large, starchy, sweet-tasting, tuberous roots are a root vegetable (Alkasrawi et al., 2003). The young leaves and shoots are sometimes eaten as greens. The sweet potato is commonly thought to be a type of potato (Solanum tuberosum) but does not belong to the nightshade family, Solanaceae, but both families belong to the same taxonomic order, the Solanales. The sweet potato, especially the orange variety, is often called a "yam" in parts of North America, but is botanically very distinct from true yams.
The plant is a herbaceous perennial vine, bearing alternate heart-shaped or palmately lobed leaves and medium-sized sympetalous flowers. The edible tuberous root is long and tapered, with a smooth skin whose color ranges between yellow, orange, red, brown, purple, and beige. Its flesh ranges from beige through white, red, pink, violet, yellow, orange, and purple. Sweet potato cultivars with white or pale yellow flesh are less sweet and moist than those with red, pink or orange flesh (Alkasrawi et al., 2003).
Ipomoea batatas is native to the tropical regions in the Americas (Bamforth et al., 1993).Of the approximately 50 genera and more than 1,000 species of Convolvulaceae, I. batatas is the only crop plant of major importance—some others are used locally (e.g., I. aquatica "kangkong"), but many are poisonous. The genus Ipomoea that contains the sweet potato also includes several garden flowers called morning glories, though that term is not usually extended to Ipomoea batatas. Some cultivars of Ipomoea batatas are grown as ornamental plants under the name tuberous morning glory, used in a horticultural context. This study therefore seeks to investigate the effects of processing methods on the physico-chemical properties of sweet potato and sorghum.
1.3 Research Objectives
The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of processing methods on the physico-chemical properties of sweet potato and sorghum.
1.4 Scope Of Study
The study focuses on the Effects Of Processing Methods On The Physico-Chemical Properties Of Sweet Potato And Sorghum.
1.5 Limitations of the Study
During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:
- Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
- Establishment Policies: Establishment policies posed a serious limitation as most staffs are not ready to release information needed for this project work. There were lots of information needed from the staffs of this institution to enhance the study which took them time to release or they did not release at all for security purposes, hence the scope was reduced.
- Research material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
- Frequent power failure: This made the researcher append more money on fuel to ensure sustainable power.
- Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
1.6 Significance Of Study
This research work, when completed will serve as reference material for subsequent researcher in the field or related topics.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
Procedure for Downloading the PDF (Docx) Material
An Assessment of the Effects of Processing Methods on the Physico-Chemical Properties of Sorghum and Sweet Potato can be downloaded by requesting the full set of materials at the project or seminar cost. The document will be sent via Microsoft Word (MS-Word) format via WhatsApp (e-mail) following payment confirmation.
| Seminar Material Cost ₦3,000 | Project Material Cost ₦5,000 |
Request Complete Material
 | Click here to request the Complete Material via WhatsApp including;
|
TABLE OF CONTENTSPRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
INTRODUCTION
- 1.0 Introduction
- 1.1 Background …
- ⋮
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1 Introduction
- ⋮
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
- 3.1 Introduction
- ⋮
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Results
- ⋮
- 4.3 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Summary
- 5.3 Conclusion
- 5.4 Recommendation
REFERENCES
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "An Assessment of the Effects of Processing Methods on the Physico-Chemical Properties of Sorghum and Sweet Potato" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
PRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
INTRODUCTION
- 1.0 Introduction
- 1.1 Background …
- ⋮
LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2.1 Introduction
- ⋮
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
- 3.1 Introduction
- ⋮
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Results
- ⋮
- 4.3 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Summary
- 5.3 Conclusion
- 5.4 Recommendation
REFERENCES
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "An Assessment of the Effects of Processing Methods on the Physico-Chemical Properties of Sorghum and Sweet Potato" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Can this topic “Design and Implementation of a Computerized Transcript Generation System” be used for Computer Science (CS) Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — Transcript is the summary of each of the two-year performance either in (OND) ordinary National Diploma or (HND) higher national diploma. The aim of this study is to design and implement Computerized Transcript Generating System. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows to design and develop an application software that will Provide security measure to check students mischievous act of changing marks on the result sheet., and reduce in the amount of resources, which in turn will lower the cost of processing of student's transcripts, since information will be stored in a database with reduced data Redundancy. The motivation that led to the implementation of the proposed system is as a result of the …
Can the material for “Effect of Automated Clearing System on Bank Performance in Banking” be used as a guide for Banking and Finance (BF) Project?
Yes it can be used — To start with, the goal of every operation staff is to deliver quality service and in the process excite the customer. Through information given it is obvious that automated clearing system in Nigeria has improved payment service. The purpose of clearing banks to make the process more manageable. Method used in this project work has been arranged and design in a meaningful way so that it will be obvious to anybody that come across this project. The effect of automated clearing system has been stated in a clear times like strong of data and vital information. It also promoted effective control through tracking and reconciling items and also the benefit of the system has also been stated in a event between automated …
Can this topic “Total Quality Management: A Sine Qua Non for Organizational Effectiveness: – an Analysis of Standard Trust bank” be used for Banking and Finance (BF) Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — The purpose of every business is customer satisfaction. But, management controlled system makes it impossible for organization to achieve this goal. this project reveals total quality management (TQM) as a sine qua non for organizational effectiveness achieving customer satisfaction. TQM is simply a customer focused performance enhancing tool, that is always striving to do better tomorrow what was done well today: sorting out smaller problem while looking for major ones and paying attention to smallest details. In carrying out this research work, questionnaires were distributed to both the staff and customers of Standard Trust Bank (STB), observation and interview was equally conducted, the internal record for STB was not left out in the quest for vital information to accomplish this …
Can the material for “The Importance of Planning and Control in an Organisation” be used as a guide for Business Administration and Management (BAM) Project?
Yes it can be used — The basic aim of the study is to show the significance of planning and control in an organization (A case study of General Cotton Mill Ltd. Onitsha, Anambra State). However, all essential elements of the significance of planning and control in an organization will fully be considered. In the first Chapter of this research work, we shall consider the background of this project work, its definitions of problem, its objectives, significance, scope and statement of problem at the end of this Chapter. In the second Chapter the researcher discloses the literature review, the origin of the project work, school of thoughts within the project work and different research design and methodology. The final Chapter of this research work concluded and recommended on the research …
Can the material for “Design and Construction of Multi-purpose Maize Thresher” be used as a guide for Mechanical Engineering Project?
Yes it can be used — Multi-purpose maize thresher operates as a maize separator from their chaff and other seed crops. A machine for corn threshing is highly and greatly needed to consistency of usage of corn in local and international levels. With regards to this indispensable needs, a corn threshing machine is designed which operates to remove the corn grains and leaving the cobs intact. In attainment to this design objective and aims, a proper considerations was given to the machinability factor which includes installation, simplification, durability, choice material, machine, low costly and prolonged life span when operate with high utilization with minimal down fine. The design details are given which includes such items as materials and their characteristic adaptation methodology, the part relation with …
Is the topic “Production of Starch From Cassava (Maihot Esculanta) and Its Cross Linked Derivatives” recommended for Biochemistry Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — The study was carried out to examine the Production of Starch from Cassava (maihot Esculanta) and Its Cross Linked Derivatives. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to investigate how different fermentation times influence the quality characteristics of Starch, produce Starch from cassava at controlled conditions of temperature, relative humidity and time, and monitor the fermentation time for breakdown and removal of cyanogenic compounds and cyanide. Starch can be obtained from cassava, sorghum, maize, sago and potatoes. But this project focused on the production of starch from cassava. Starch can be cross-linked a product that will be suitable for noodle, salad cream custard making. It is difficult to understand how cassava and cassava products such as …
Can this topic “Isolation, Identification and Antibiogram of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated From Cow Meat” be used for Microbiology Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — The study was carried out with aim to isolate Staphylococcus aureus from cow meat and determine the antibiogram pattern of S. aureus. Three samples of cow meat from three different locations (Gwagwalada market, Abattoir market and Kasuan Dare) in Gwagwalada were collected to isolate S. aureus from the samples. The organisms isolated were Salmonella spp, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes. Several biochemical tests were carried out to identify, the S. aureus isolates like Catalse test (positive), Manitol test (positive), Coagulase test (positive) and Oxidase test (negative). The antibiogram pattern of S. aureus was evaluated using commercially prepared disk. The antibiotics tested were Pefloxacin (Pef), Streptomycin (S), Ampiclox (Apx), Amoxacilin (Am) and Ciprofloxacin. The pattern indicated that the overall S. …
Can the material for “Undergraduate and Graduates Perceptions of Factors Responsible for Youths Unemployment” be used as a guide for Education Project?
Yes it can be used — This study examined undergraduate and graduates perceptions of factors responsible for youths unemployment in Lagos State. The study was carried out among graduates in national directorate of employment and undergraduate students of the University of Lagos, Akoka. A sample size of 150 respondents were selected for the study. Structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The collected questionnaires were analyzed using frequency counts. and percentages. The research questions were answered using mean (x) scores and weighted mean. The study revealed that entrepreneurial education in the institution was an important tool for employment creation, also inadequate indigenous companies causes unemployment in Nigeria. Again, there are several challenges facing Nigerian graduates in their quest at becoming entrepreneurs. Such challenges are: lack of enabling …
Can the material for “The Concepts of Sacrifice in the Igbo Land Traditional Religion” be used as a guide for English / Igbo Project?
Yes it can be used — The study was carried out to investigate the concepts of sacrifice in the Igbo land traditional religion, Nigeria. Throughout the world, many adherents of different religious traditions still believe, especially in times of crisis, in the effectiveness of traditional religious sacrifices designed to meet their diverse needs. This study is a literary survey of the opinions of foremost anthropologists on the phenomenology of sacrifice. It reveals that sacrifice is a complex phenomenon that has been universally found in the earliest known forms of worship and that an offering does not become a sacrifice until a real change has been effected in the visible gift by slaying it, shedding its blood, burning it or pouring it out. The paper proposes that …
Is the topic “A Study on Co-Operative Thrift and Loan Society” recommended for Economics Project?
Yes it is highly recommended — This research project titled “Co-operative Thrift and Loan Society of Federal Ministry of Industry and Technology, Owerri, Imo state. The study was motivated by the necessity of requirement for the award of Higher National Diploma in Co-operative Economics and Management of Institute of Management and Technology (IMT), Enugu. It aimed at identifying the causes of the study of co-operative thrift and loan society in Owerri, Imo State. To solve the research problems both primary and secondary data were collected. The research instruments used in collecting the data were questionnaire and oral interview. The respondents comprised of members of the society its employees and some members of staff of Federal Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Owerri, Imo State. In organizing and presenting data …