
A-THREE DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL SIMULATOR FOR EXPANSION-DRIVE RESERVOIRS
ABSTRACT
Every simulation study is a unique process, starting from the geological model and reservoir description to the final analysis of recovery factor optimizations. In petroleum engineering area, numerical reservoir simulators are often employed to obtained meaningful and reliable solutions for most actual cases due to extreme complexity of reservoir systems.
In this work, a three-dimensional numerical reservoir simulator is developed for expansion-drive reservoirs. The governing equation is discretized using finite difference approach; conjugate gradient method with the aid of MATLAB 9.0.0R code is used to solve the system of linear equations to obtain reservoir pressure for each cell, until bubble point pressure is reached; cumulative production at bubble point is computed as sum of expansion from each cell and oil production rate is determined at each time step. The average reservoir pressure is determined as a weighted average based on the stock tank oil that is left in the reservoir, and finally the recovery factor at the bubble point pressure is computed.
Contour plots (with colour map to ease the user's assimilation and interpretation of the simulator results), of reservoir pressure depletion with time were generated for different number of finite-difference grid blocks. The results indicate that the more the number of grid blocks used, the more accurate the numerical solution and the more detailed the description of the reservoir fluid distribution. The plot of average reservoir pressure against time shows a rapid decline in the average reservoir pressure due to the negligible compressibility associated with rock and liquid expansion-drive reservoirs. The estimated oil cumulative production of 236MSTB was recovered in 1180days up to the bubble point using the developed simulator. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis was performed to investigate the impact of key reservoir parameters the average reservoir pressure.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 General Introduction
Reservoir simulation is the science of combining physics, mathematics, reservoir engineering, and computer programming to develop a tool for predicting hydrocarbon reservoir performance under various operating strategies (Aziz, K. And Settari, A. 1979).
The practice of reservoir simulation has been in existence since the beginning of petroleum engineering in the 1930's. But the term “numerical simulation” only became common in the early 1960's as predictive methods evolved into relatively sophisticated computer programs. These computer programs represented a major advancement because they allowed solution of large sets of finite-difference equations describing two and three dimensional, transient, multiphase flow in heterogeneous porous media. This advancement was made possible by the rapid evolution of large-scale, high-speed digital computers and development of numerical mathematical methods for solving large systems of finite-difference equations.
Fluid flow in petroleum reservoirs (porous media) is very complex phenomena, and as such analytical solutions to mathematical models are only obtainable after making simplifying assumptions regarding reservoir geometry, properties and boundary conditions. However, simplifications of this nature are often invalid for most fluid flow problems and in many cases, it is impossible to develop analytical solutions for practical issues due to the complex behaviors of multiphase flow, nonlinearity of the governing equations, and the heterogeneity and irregular shape of a reservoir system. Due to these limitations in the use of analytical method, these models must be solved with numerical methods such as finite difference.
Reservoir simulation is one of the most effective tools for reservoir engineers that involves developing mathematical equations or computable procedure that are employed to understand the behaviour of the real reservoir (Darman, 1999).
Today, numerical reservoir simulation is regularly used as a valuable tool to help make investment decisions on major exploitation and development projects. These decisions include determining commerciality, optimizing field development plans and initiating secondary and enhanced oil recovery methods on major oil and gas projects. Proper planning is made possible by use of reservoir simulation; it can be used effectively in the early stages of development before the pool is placed on production so that unnecessary expenditures can be avoided.
When crude oil is discovered, in order to have proper understanding of reservoir behaviour and predict future performance, it is necessary to have knowledge of the driving mechanisms that control the behaviour of fluids within reservoirs. The overall performance of oil reservoirs is largely determined by the nature of the energy available for moving the oil to the wellbore. The recovery of hydrocarbons from an oil reservoir is commonly recognized to occur in several recovery stages. They are: Primary recovery, Secondary recovery, Tertiary recovery (Enhanced Oil Recovery, EOR), and Infill recovery.
Primary recovery is the recovery of hydrocarbons from the reservoir using the natural energy of the reservoir as a drive. The term refers to the production of hydrocarbons from a reservoir without the use of any process (such as fluid injection) to supplement the natural energy of the reservoir (Ahmed, 2006).
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
Procedure for Downloading the PDF (Docx) Material
A-Three Dimensional Numerical Simulator for Expansion-Drive Reservoirs can be downloaded by requesting the full set of materials at the project or seminar cost. The document will be sent via Microsoft Word (MS-Word) format via WhatsApp (e-mail) following payment confirmation.
Seminar Material Cost ₦3,000 | Project Material Cost ₦5,000 |
Request Complete Material
![]() | Click here to request the Complete Material via WhatsApp including;
|
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "A-Three Dimensional Numerical Simulator for Expansion-Drive Reservoirs" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Can this topic “An Empirical Analysis of the Impact of Government Expenditure on Economic Growth of Nigeria” be used for Public Administration (PA) Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — The study investigates the impact of government expenditure on economic growth of Nigeria from the period 1980-2011. The objective was set to address the problem of utilization of revenue targeted to improving the economic condition of Nigeria. The review of theoretical and empirical literature provided a basis for the selection and specification of model which was used to show if government capital and recurrent expenditure has positive or negative impact on economic growth. The data were got from CBN statistical bulletin. To proper solution to the problem, policies were recommended to tackle the setbacks to economic growth. …
Can this topic “Design and Implementation of an Expert System on Malaria Diagnosis” be used for Computer Science (CS) Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — An expert system is a software system that attempts to reproduce the performance of one or more human experts, most commonly in a specific problem domain, and is a traditional application and/or subfield of artificial intelligence. The aim of the study is to Design and Implement an Expert System on Malaria Diagnosis. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows to design and develop a diagnostic software that will ascertain whether the diseases could be diagnosed based on signs and symptoms, aid clinicians in diagnostic procedures and offer prescription of medication, and enable flexibility in access to information through the World Wide Web or comprehensive knowledge bases. The motivation that led to the implementation of the …
Can the material for “The Impact of Management Accounting Techniques on Organizational Decision Making” be used as a guide for Accounting and Finance Project?
Yes it can be used — The study examined the impact of management accounting techniques on organizational decision making, a Study of 5 Manufacturing companies in Abeokuta. This study adopted a descriptive survey design. The purposive sampling was used to choose two hundred (200) employees from the five manufacturing companies in Ogun state namely; Dangote cement, flour mills, CDK integrated industries, Cometstar manufacturing company ltd, Apex paint limited. Hence, fourty (40) employees was selected from each manufacting firms. The study was conducted using a mixed method approach (defined under “research design”), analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and coding/theming. SPSS was used. Findings from this study reveal that there is a significant relationship between cash flow analysis and organizational decision making. Results further reveal that …
Can the material for “The Role of Nigerian Civil Service in National Development” be used as a guide for Public Administration (PA) Project?
Yes it can be used — Civil service is a feature of all nations practiced at federal, state and local levels. The study was carried out to examine the Role of Nigerian Civil Service in National Development using Anambra State Civil Service as a case study. Investigation revealed that going down many lanes, civil service had contributed enormously to the development of Anambra State. The role of the civil service in Anambra State has become the giant strides seriously needed to take the state to amiable level. The research design used in this report is descriptive design, utilizing questionnaire method to obtain information from the respondents for this project. Primary data were collected from the primary source which questionnaire was used as an instrument of data …
Can the material for “Computerized Students Certificate Management System” be used as a guide for Software Engineering Project?
Yes it can be used — Computerized Students Certificate Management System is a system designed to computerize the process of adding certificates and verifying the certificates records of students. The aim of the study is to design and implement a Computerized Students Certificate Management System. In achieving this aim, the following objectives were set out to develop an application software that will resolve the issue of manual verification of certificates and enable the registrar to automatically generate unique certificate code for each certificate added. The motivation that led to the implementation of the proposed system is that during verification of a student certificate there were cases of employers spending lot of money in order to verify the authenticity of a certificate presented to them during job …
Can the material for “Effect of Multiple Taxation on the Survival of Small Scale Enterprises” be used as a guide for Economics Project?
Yes it can be used — This study was undertaken to investigate the implication of multiple taxation on the performance of small scale enterprises in Asaba, Delta State. The objective of the study was to determine the extent to which multiple taxation affect the profitability and reinvestment rate of small scale enterprises. Data were collected from primary source using questionnaires. Survey research design was adopted. The hypotheses were tested using chi-square statistic. Result obtained show that most small scale enterprises surveyed were faced with the problem of high tax rates, complex tax regulations and lack of proper enlightenment or education about tax related issues. Although, there is a general perception that tax is an important source of fund for development of the economy and provision of social …
Can the material for “Thermal Conversion of Palm Kernel Shell and Mesocarp Fruit Fibre Into Fuel” be used as a guide for Agricultural Engineering (AE) Project?
Yes it can be used — Palm Oil processing yields a considerable quantity of palm kernel shell (PKS) and mesocarp fruit fiber (MFF). This has been predominantly used as fuel through direct combustion which is inefficient and polluting. Better grade fuel could be derived through torrefaction. The objectives of the work therefore was to determine the optimum parameters for the conversion of palm kernel shell (PKS) and mesocarp fruit fiber (MFF) to high grade fuel via torrefaction. Samples of PKS and MFF were torrefied with a temperature range of 200°C to 350°C at the step of 30°C. The torrefied product yield were determined by weighing, proximate, ultimate analysis of the torrefied product were determined using A.O.A.C. method. The higher heating value was calculated using Dulong Petit. Percentage …
Can this topic “Genesis, Problems and Prospects of Property Development Agency in Nigeria” be used for Estate Management (EM) Project?
Yes it can be utilized for research — Property and economic development share symbolic relationship. For developing countries, property business should form a major part of economic development and an alternative or income. Starting in the 1960s as part of the emerging field of law and economics, economists and legal scholars began to study the property rights enjoyed by tenants under various estates being carried out by property development agencies. Development process required skills of many professionals which has made the process tedious and cumbersome for an average development agency. Property development remains a viable and profitable venture hence, the need for Government to put certain measures in place so as to reduce the problems and difficulties development agencies face and also to meet the growing housing needs of the masses. Property …
Can the material for “A Web Based Undergraduate Mathematics Tutor” be used as a guide for Computer Science Education Project?
Yes it can be used — Web based Mathematics Tutor is the process of capturing, developing, sharing, and effectively using organizational, it refers to a multi-disciplinary approach to achieving organizational objectives by making the best use of knowledge in mathematics. The aim of the study is to design and implement a Web Based Undergraduate Mathematics Tutor. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows to develop an application software that will facilitate quick response to students complaints or challenges is guarantee, enable the students or staff link to various instant massages platform of Computerized Mathematics Tutor Systems and facilitate instant feedback to students with challenges of Algebra in Mathematics. The motivation that led to the implementation of the proposed system is …
Can the material for “The Role of Capital in the Growth of Small Business in Nigeria” be used as a guide for Banking and Finance (BF) Project?
Yes it can be used — This research work examined the role of capital in the growth of small business in Nigeria with reference to the selected firms in Owerri, Imo state. six research questions were formulated for the study. Two sources of data were used to gather information and instrument for data is made of structured questionnaire and percentage methods were used to analyzed the data collected. The researcher reviewed the related literature on the role of capital in the growth of small scale business. From the analysis of data collected by the researcher, it was discovered that high interest loan, mismanagement of capital and unreliable of source of capital were the problems militating against small scale businesses. This study also revealed the important of small …