A PROJECT ON SHORT CIRCUIT CALCULATION OF THE NIGERIAN EASTERN GRID NETWORK
ABSTRACT
This project is based on the short circuit calculation of eastern grid network.
Short circuit occurs when two or more conductors that normally operate with a potential difference (P.D) come in contact with each other. Short circuiting results in danger to operating personnel, danger of igniting combustible gas such as methane in hazardous areas giving rise to a disaster of horrendous proportions. Also it greatly increased damage at the fault location (fault energy = I2 x Rf x t, where t is the time).
Constraint to grid operation in Nigeria due to short circuit was treated and the solution to adjust the problem.
The simulation of this project was done with engineering calculation software NEPLAN which was developed by B.C.P (Bursarello + Cott + partner) from Switzerland for system modeling and analysis.
This project was done to provide a proper analysis on the selection of switch gear, setting of relays and stability of system operation
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction of Fault
It is not practical to design and build electrical equipment or network so as to completely eliminate the possibility of failure in service.
It is therefore an everyday fact of life that different types of faults occur on electrical systems, however infrequently, and at random location.
Fault can be broadly classified into two main areas which have been designated “Active” and “Passive”.
1.1 Types of Fault
- Active fault
- Passive fault
- Types of faults on a three-phase system
- Transient and permanent fault
1. Active fault:
The “active” fault is when actual current flows from one phase conductor to another (phase-to-phase) or alternatively from one phase conductor to earth (phase —to-earth). This type of fault can further be classified into two areas, namely the “Solid” fault and “Incipient” fault.
The solid fault occurs as a result of an immediate complete breakdown of insulation as would happen if say, a pick struck an underground cable, bridging conductors etc.
The incipient fault on the other hand, is a fault that starts from very small beginnings from say some partial discharge (excessive electronic activity often referred to as Corona) in a void in the insulation, increasing and developing over an extended period, until such time as it burns away adjacent insulation, eventually running away and developing into a “solid” fault.
Other causes can typically be a high-resistance joint or contact, alternatively pollution of insulators causing tracking across their surface. Once tracking occurs, any surrounding air will ionize which then behaves like a solid conductor consequently creating a “solid” fault.
2. Passive fault:
This are not real faults in the true sense of the word but are conditions that are stressing the system beyond its design capacity, so that ultimately active faults will occur.
Typical examples are
Overloading:
leading to overheating of insulation(deteriorating quality, reduced life and ultimate failure)
Overvoltage:
stressing the insulation beyond its limits.
Under Frequency:
causing plant to behave incorrectly
Power Swings:
generators going out—of-step or synchronism with each other.
3. Three-phase system fault
These are types of fault on a 3-? system
Phase —to-earth fault:
This is cause as a result of the breakdown of insulation of one phase and earth. It occurrence is about 70%.
There is a circuit diagram in the complete material that shows an example (scroll down to the end of this project to get the complete material)
Phase—to-phase fault:
this is a type of short circuit fault that due to breakdown of insulation between either of the two phases. It occurrence is 15%.
There is a circuit diagram in the complete material that shows an example (scroll down to the end of this project to get the complete material)
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of relevant literature is the main topic of this chapter. A literature review covers theoretical and methodological contributions to a certain issue in addition to the state of knowledge at the time of writing. It provides information about the state of the art in relation to the subject you are writing about. It examines the body of work on the chosen subject. The literature evaluation in this study comprises the …
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TABLE OF CONTENTSPRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction to fault
1.1 Types of fault
1.2 Classification of fault
1.3 Meaning of short circuit
1.4 Consequences of short circuiting
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review on short circuit calculation
2.1 Introduction of grid network
2.2 Constraint to grid operation in Nigeria
- Communication constraint
- Generation constraint
- Transmission constraint
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Transmission line modeling
- Medium line transmission
- Nominal-T representation
- Nominal-representation
3.1 Transformer modeling
- Tap changing transformer
- Phase-shifting transformer
3.2 Formation of YBus
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Introduction to NEPLAN
4.1 Introduction to Nigerian grid
4.2 Nigerian 330kv transmission grid network
4.3 Bus identification of Nigerian 330kv grid network
4.4 Eastern part of Nigerian grid network
4.4.1 Eastern transmission line description
4.4.2 The Eastern lines parameter of double and single circuit
4.5 Single phase short circuit calculation using NEPLAN
4.6 Result analysis (using NEPLAN)
4.7 Current at fault location
4.7.1 Generator data for eastern grid
4.7.2 Types of conductor used in the transmission line
4.7.3 Types of tower
4.8 Component that make up the project
4.9 A typical calculation on 3-Ø short circuit fault
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Recommendation and conclusion
5.1 Reference
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "A Project on Short Circuit Calculation of the Nigerian Eastern Grid Network" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
PRELIMINARY PAGES
- Title page
- Approval page
- Dedication
- Acknowledgement
- Table of Contents
- Abstract
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction to fault
1.1 Types of fault
1.2 Classification of fault
1.3 Meaning of short circuit
1.4 Consequences of short circuiting
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review on short circuit calculation
2.1 Introduction of grid network
2.2 Constraint to grid operation in Nigeria
- Communication constraint
- Generation constraint
- Transmission constraint
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Transmission line modeling
- Medium line transmission
- Nominal-T representation
- Nominal-representation
3.1 Transformer modeling
- Tap changing transformer
- Phase-shifting transformer
3.2 Formation of YBus
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Introduction to NEPLAN
4.1 Introduction to Nigerian grid
4.2 Nigerian 330kv transmission grid network
4.3 Bus identification of Nigerian 330kv grid network
4.4 Eastern part of Nigerian grid network
4.4.1 Eastern transmission line description
4.4.2 The Eastern lines parameter of double and single circuit
4.5 Single phase short circuit calculation using NEPLAN
4.6 Result analysis (using NEPLAN)
4.7 Current at fault location
4.7.1 Generator data for eastern grid
4.7.2 Types of conductor used in the transmission line
4.7.3 Types of tower
4.8 Component that make up the project
4.9 A typical calculation on 3-Ø short circuit fault
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Recommendation and conclusion
5.1 Reference
Disclaimer for Complete Material Utilization
The displayed research work titled "A Project on Short Circuit Calculation of the Nigerian Eastern Grid Network" is stated as a research guideline towards accomplishing your assigned project / seminar research work. All the research materials on this website are ONLY for research purposes and should be used as a guideline in developing your research work. For no reason should you copy word for word as projectlist.com.ng will not be liable for any who copied the material. By ordering the complete research guideline, it signifies that you've accepted our terms of service.
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